Secretors And Non Secretors In Human Population Antigens Biology Essay

Secretors And Non Secretors In humanity Population Antigens Biology EssayHuman people goat be categorized into glandy organs and non- secretors based on A, B and H antigen on basis of charge or absence of these melodic phrase throng antigens in the clay fluids and secretions, such(prenominal) as spittle, sweat, tears, semen, melodic line serum, mucus toast in the digestive tr scrap or respiratory cavities etc. Secretors be man-to-mans that secrete descent convocation antigens in their luggage compartment fluids while non-secretors argon the privates that do non secrete them in their automobile trunk fluids and secretions.It is a cognise fact that aborigine neckcloth fiber is controlled by line of descent character reference coding constituents bear witness on the chromosome 9q34 simply the secretor status of an individual is decided by inter natural action of a sepa commit cistron (called secreting constituent) with these profligate type elements . The front of the secreting cistron in a persons genome makes him a secretor and absence makes him a non secretor. The gene is designated as (Se) for Secretors and (se) for Non-secretors and it is entirely indep eradicateent of the line of products type A, B, AB or O. The individuals secreting antigens in the body fluid ar designated as ABH secretors in melody banks. Individuals having O blood group secrete antigen H, A blood group secrete A and H antigens, B blood group secrete B and H antigens in the fluids.A secretor gene helps a person to gain a spot of tax shelter against contrasting environmental fixs especially the micro phytology of a particular environment and as well the lectins innovate in them. It helps them in promoting the egression of friendly, stable blood type in canvassinal bacterial ecosystem which depends on the blood type antigens present in the mucus of an individual. Secretor status does commute carbohydrates in the fluids present in the body a nd their secretions and it in like manner affects and influences the attachment and doggedness of the micro flora present in the body. Secretors be at a nobleer advantage than non-secretors. Non-secretors mystify a potential health disadvantage. They stimulate many metabolic traits such as carbohydrate intolerance, immune susceptibilities. disparate streaks be available for determining an individuals secretor status. Most common test uses spit or other body fluids of an individual for testing the secretor status. These tests be based on the principle of agglutinating body process Inhibition where the antigens atomic take 18 neutralized by the corresponding antibodies so that these antibodies will non be further be available to neutralize or agglutinative the said(prenominal) antigens residing on the inflamed blood cells. ELISA could as well be use for determining the presence of the secreted Lewis antigens in the saliva or other body fluids.Statistics 1PlacePopul ationTested% Secretor frequence% Non-SecretorFrequencyNew YorkNegroes17861.20.3838.80.62CopenhagenDanes26374.00.4926.00.51JapanJapanese42475.70.5124.30.49BerlinGermans36378.00.5322.00.47PolandPoles8879.40.5421.60.46New YorkWhites7482.40.5817.60.42capital of FinlandFinns19686.30.6313.70.37New MexicoAmerican Indians6998.50.881.50.12UtahAmerican Indians79100.01.0000The allelomorphs Se and se differ in the frequency and engender an anthropological value. They occur in assorted frequency in different populations. They save a juicy frequency in the American indium and a miserable frequency in the southern Indians. In US 20% of the population is secretors whereas 80% of the population consist of non-secretors. The fusion allelomorph of the FUT2 (secretor type alpha(1,2)-fucosyltransferase) gene at a high frequency and a new se385 allelomorph in a Korean population secreter AND NON-SECRETORA person secreting blood group antigens into the body fluids and other secretions like saliv a, semen, tear, mucous in the digestive tract and respiratory cavities ar named as secretors. In like terms they put their blood type antigens in the body fluids. They secrete antigens according to their blood type, A secrete antigen A and H, B secret antigen B and H, O secrete antigen O and AB secrete A, B and H antigen. Secretors bear witnesses Lewis b (Leb) antigens on the red blood cell where as non-secretor let loosees Lewis a (Le a) on their RBC.These antigens in the body fluids give additional security measure to the individual against the various microorganisms and the lectins present all around us.15- 20% of the population consists of non-secretor. These individual fail to secrete the blood group antigens in their body fluids hence they become susceptible to bacterial and superficial yeast infections. A largish no of them sometimes in like manner suffer from the autoimmune disorder. This could in any case be correlated with the secretor and non-secretor phenotype. The body secretions of secretors and non-secretors differ quantitatively and withal qualitatively. The type and quantity of the antigens present in it differ among different individuals. In some cases the non-secretors whitethorn watch the A and B antigens in the saliva but the quantity is less and even quality is truly deplorable hence they soak up similar functional problem.There be certain(a) properties which argon specific for secretors and differ in non-secretors. Some be listed beneathIntestinal base-forming phosphatase activityABH secretor correlates the activity of alkaline phosphatase and serum alkaline phosphatase present in the intestine. Non-secretors pay low activity of alkaline phosphatase and serum alkaline phosphatase which is responsible for the breakdown of fat and assimilate calcium.2-5 unkept molecular weight alkaline is present in twain secretors and non-secretors and high molecular weight alkaline phosphatase is present only is secretors.6Bacteria l floraThe ABH blood types influence the population of bacteria residing in the local locality of the gut mucin glycoproteins. Bacteria produce enzymes that have the capability to degrade the end sugar of A, B, and H blood antigens and which atomic number 18 consumed as food by them. The B antigen degrading bacteria produce enzyme to remove the end alpha-D-galactose and A antigen degrading bacteria produce enzyme to detach N-acetylgalactosamine which be used as a source of food by them.7,8Blood clottingThe secretor and the native genetics influence each other and issuance upto 60% of the vWf concentration variation in plasma. Raised directs of factor 8 and vWf may cause thrombotic and heart illness in future. Secretors have the slowest clotting time, thinnest blood, least tendency of platelet aggregation, low pith of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor (vWf).9,10 The non-secretors have highest clotting time, thick blood, high amount of factor VIII and von Willebrand fact or (vWf) and low eject time. The blood viscosity is also influenced by the secretor status of that individual.Phenotype LewisCharacteristics of ClottingLe (a- b-)maximum action of factor VIII and vWfVery impression bleeding times (seen in A, B and AB)Le (a+ b-) intermediary actionLow bleeding times (seen in O)Le (a- b+) minimum action of factor VIII and vWfVery Long bleeding times (seen in O)Blood fictional character Lewis and Factors effect Blood ClottingImmunoglobulin VariationsABH non-secretors crush out low concentration of immunoglobulin G immunoglobulin.11,12 The secretion of varying concentration of divers(prenominal) constituents of the blood group is controlled by the secretor gene and it also affects the phagocytic activity of the leucocytes which for bugger offs an added advantage to the non-secretors. The leucocytes of the non-secretors possess a greater ingestion condition when compargond to the secretors. The O and B blood group non-secretors have the highest phagocytic activity.13The presence of different concentration of anti-I in the an individuals serum is affect by the ABO group, secretor status and sex of the individual. The secretors females have a high level of anti-I in the serum as compared to the males.14 The non-secretor have low levels of IgA and IgG antibodies and hence have frequent problems with the heart valve.Genetics and Biochemical pathwaysThe secretion of the blood group antigens in the body fluids and other secretions are genetically influenced by certain allelomorphic genes. Secretor gene charters two alleles (Se) and (se). The sovereign gene (Se) is present in the homozygous or heterozygous condition in the secretors which drop dead to the secretion of antigens into the body fluids. (se) is recessive allele and is present in non-secretors in the homozygous condition. SeSe and seSe produces a dominant secretor phenotype and sese produces a recessive non-secretor phenotype.Basically three genes are responsible f or the formation of the A and B antigens. They are namely ABO, Hh, and Sese genes encoding glycosyltransferases which produces the A and B antigens. H antigen present in the individual with O blood group is the herald for the formation of A and B antigens. H antigen acts as a backbone for A and B antigens. The O gene is considered as amorphic. The allele Hh and Sese trail on each locus and are closely linked together. It is also suggested that one of the allele has arisen by the gene duplication of the other. The second allele on the same locus is really rare. The product related to this allele hasnt been discovered yet and hence it is considered as amorph.The oligosaccharide responsible for the formation of the A and B antigen can exist in a simple analogue fashion or a complex branched fashion. Infants A, B and H antigens contain high amount of linear chained oligosaccharide whereas oligosaccharides present in an adult contain high amount of branched chained oligosaccharides.15 The A and B antigen is synthesized from a common intermediate known as fondness H. The conversion is carried out by the addition of a sugar hint to the non reducing end of the H oligosaccharide chains. This addition affects the reactivity of H antigen.16,17The ABH substances are secreted in the Urinary respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract by mucous glands residing there. The secretor gene regulates the synthesis of blood group antigens in the glands of subtle intestinal mucosa. The secretors and non-secretors produce A and B substances which are basically glycoproteins in pylorus and Brunners glands and produce A and B substances those are soluble in alcoholic drink and glycosphingolipids in nature.18,19,20The secretors also produce ABH substances in the prostate and lactating mammary glands.20 The secretion of breast is rich in H substance but poor in substance A and virtually absent in substance B. The synthesis of these constituents in the pancreas and secretory cells of sweat gland is not controlled by the secretor gene.21 The blood groups substances were also found in the calyxes and amass tubules of the secretors (Se) but it could not be concluded that whether they are produced by the kidneys or are generally excreted. These secretions were noticed in the eight to nine weeks anile salivary glands and stomach and later it appears throughout the gastrointestinal tract.19,22Glycosphingolipids carrying the A or B oligosaccharides are present on the membranes of RBCs, epithelial and endothelial cells and are also present in the plasma in the soluble form. The glycoproteins carrying the similar A and B oligosaccharides are responsible for their activity in the body fluids. In the body fluids they are present in the secreted form. The A and B oligosaccharides which do not contain the carrier proteins are present in the milk and urine.The chromosome 19 contains FUT 1 and FUT 2 genes which code for fucosyltransferase.23 FUT genes numbered from 1-7 and form clusters which are responsible for the production of enzymes called as fucosyltranferases. The cluster is located on chromosome 19q13.3. Fucosyltranferase helps in the formation of fucose moiety which is added to the H antigen and further gylcosylate the A or/and B antigens.24,25H antigen is a basic blood group antigen present in each and every human being but the content varies in different individuals of the same ABO group. A general pattern indicates that its competency varies as OA2A2BBA1A1B. Water soluble H antigen has been demonstrated in the saliva and the body fluids of the individuals. H antigens are fucose containing glycan units which are present on the glycolipids or glycoproteins residing on the erythrocytes membrane or in the secretions. The fucosylatedglycans are the substrate for the enzyme glycosytransferases that are responsible for the formation of the Lewis and A, B blood group antigen epitopes.Secretors contain both the alleles whereas non secretor contain s the null allele for FUT2 gene. The FUT 2 gene codes for fucosyltranferaseenzyme in the exocrine tissues which raceway to formation of antigens in the body secretions and body fluids.The A and B genes produce glycosyltranferase that add sugar to oligosaccharide chains that is converted to H antigen. The H antigen are constructed on the oligosaccharide chain. The oligosaccharide chains could be of two type Type 1 and type 2.15 The glycosphingolipids present in the plasma and on the membranes of glandular and parenchymal cells and glycoproteins present on the cell surfaces or body fluids carry either the type 1 or type 2 chains. The glycolipids antigens present on the RBC contain type 2 chains.A gene encodes N-acetyl-galactosaminyl-transferase and B gene-encodes galactosaminyl-transferase and add GalNAc andGal in alpha (1-3) linkages which is acts on the H gene transferase. The H gene produces fucosyltransferase that add fucose to the terminal Galactose molecule of type 2 chain. It forms an alpha (1-2) linkage. A and B antigens are constructed when the A and B transferases attach respective sugars to the type 1 or type 2 chain substituted with Fucose.26The secretor gene FUT2 located at 19q13.3 and codes for the activity of the glycosyltransferasesin project with the FUT1 gene coding for H antigen, needed to assemble both the ABO and Lewis blood group and are active in mucous gland and goblet cells which interact with each other and lead to secretions of antigens in the fluids.The scene patterns of both the genes are different. The FUT1 (H) gene is dominantly expressed in the erythroid tissues which lead to the formation of the H enzyme whereas the FUT2 (secretor) gene is expressed in the secretory tissues and lead to the formation of secretor enzyme. The product of the H enzyme or H gene resides on the erythrocytes and product of secretor gene resides on mucins in secretions.If an individual lack these alleles, he/she will not be able to express the above a ctive enzymes therefrom they would be deficient of the substrates which are indispensable by the A or B glycosyltransferases. Therefore they would not express the A and B epitopes.Correlation mingled with Lewis Phenotype and ABH Secretor statusThe Lewis typewrite also helps in finding the ABH secretor status. The production of Lewis antigens is genetically controlled. Individuals possessing the Lewis (Le) gene would produce the Lewis antigens which are carried in the plasma by different substances and are absorbed onto the Red blood Cells present in ones blood.The ABO determinants and H/h blood groups factors seem to show structurally corelation to Lewis blood determinants. FUT1 provide the glycans for glycosyltransferases which convert Lewis antigen to ABH antigens. FUT2 allele is expressed in the secretor and is responsible for the facial gesture of type1 H determinant.The secretors convert their Lewis a antigen to Lewis b therefore they are (a-b+) and the non-secretor are (a +b-) as they lack the FUT2 responsible for glycosyltransferase which could convert Lewis a antigen to Lewis b antigen.Lewis (Le) gene and Secreting (Se) gene interact with each other. Initially Lewisais formed and if Se gene is absent in an individual the Lewisa substance is absorbed on the RBC and the individual is typed as Lewisa but in secretors the Se gene controls the activation of the H gene which causes addition of an additional sugar to Lewisa which convert it to Lewisb. Secretors contain both Lewisa and Lewisb in their plasma but absorb Lewisb preferentially on the red blood cells and the individual is typed as Lewisb.Hence we could interpret that presence of Lewis gene would type an individual as Lewisa positive or Lewisb ostracise or vice versa. An individual could not be positive for both. A person containing both Lewis gene and Secreting gene are typed as Lewisa prejudicial and Lewisb positive whereas a person having the Lewis gene but not the secretor gene is typed as Lewisa positive and Lewisb negative. Individual who does not have Lewis gene regardless of secretor gene is typed as Lewisa negative and Lewisb negative.27,28Note Lewis divalent Negative (LDN) is a sub type of non secretors but Lewis typing cannot be used for them to determine the ABH secretor status.Detection methods29-31The presence and absence of the antigens in the body fluids could be detected by Agglutination Inhibition and Lewis typing.Agglutination Inhibition test could be divided into two parts- articulation I Antibody NeutralizationTo determining ones secretor status, the saliva of the individual is involved by the antiserum (Anti-A, Anti-B or Anti-H) available commercially. In secretors the soluble substances i.e. blood group antigens will react with the antibodies present in the antiserum and will get neutralized. interrupt II Agglutination InhibitionThe bed blood cells obtained commercially are added to the test mixture. In secretors agglutination of the RBC do n ot manoeuver place as no desolate antibodies are available to agglutinate them. All the antibodies have reacted with the soluble antigens present in the saliva whereas in non-secretors agglutination would occur upon addition of the RBC as no blood group antigens are present in the saliva so antibodies present in the antiserum are not neutralized and hence would be free to react with the test RBC cells which are added to the test mixture. Hence agglutination is a negative test for secretor status and positive test for the non-secretor status.Note Anti-H lectin containing phytohaemagglutinin virtually specific for human RBC. Thirteen Cucurbitaceaespecies have been investigated for the anti-H activity present in their seed lectins. Lectins has been extracted and purified from Ulexeuropaeus seeds. It could be used to demonstrate the H secretor status of blood group O individual and also for subgrouping the blood group A individuals.Lewis typingIndividuals carrying the Lewis gene produ ce Lewis antigens that are carried by the plasma and are also adsorbed on the red blood cells. Lewis antigens do not reside only on the red blood cells. Initially the gene gives rise to Lewisa. If Se gene is present it activates H gene which interact with the Lewisa and add a sugar to Lewisa and hence get converted it to Lewisb. Both Lewisa and Lewisb in present in the plasma of the secretors. If the Se gene is not present then the Lewisa substance is adsorbed on the red cells and individuals are typed as Lewisa.The secretor status of an individual could be decided with help of Lewisa and Lewisb antibodies mixed with an individuals saliva and observing the agglutination macroscopically.Disease faculty among Secretors and Non-secretorsDigestive systemNon-secretors are more flat to the diseases caused by the spontaneous bacteria in the digestive system of an individual. It includes ulcers, celiac diseases stomachic carcinoma noxious anemia etc. It could lead to dysplasia or incr ease in the number of cavities present in the digestive tract. Non-secretors are less resistant to the infection caused by Helicobacter pylori which could lead to the formation of peptic and duodenal ulcers.32,33 It could easily colonize and cause inflammation in the non-secretors.34 The non-secretors lack the blood group antigens in the mucus secretions therefore H.pylori attach to the walls of the digestive tract and cause infection. The secretors have a tendency to secrete free ABH antigens in their intestinal secretions which effect the bacterial and lectins adherence to the microvilli present in the gut. The secretors produce these antigens and prevent H.pylori attachment. These antigens act as a decoy in the secretors which prevent them from attaching with the host tissues. The non-secretors also show a lower IgG immune response to the H.pylori. They have extreme rate of bleeding and stomach ulcers but correlation amid these complications and the secretor status have not bee n documented yet. The non-secretors are not able to turn off the digestive enzymes and hence they produce large amount of enzyme pepsin and hence are more prone to duodenal ulcers. 50% of the duodenal ulcers are present in non-secretors. 30-40% of group O individuals are impact by the duodenal ulcers and 15- 20 % are bear upon by the gastric ulcers. They show a high risk factor along with the gene coding for hyperpepsinogenemia I which impact in the risk of duodenal ulcers.35,36 Group A individuals have a higher tendency of having gastric cancer and evil anemia. Statistics shows that 20% of the group A individuals are affected by gastric cancers and 25% are affected by the pernicious anemia.Oral pathologyThe non-secretors are more prone to oral diseases like verbalise and esophagus cancer, epithelial dysplasia etc. They have more cavities than secretors.37DiabetesThe ABH non-secretors and Lewis negative (Le a-b-) individuals have a high risk of developing insulin dependent diab etes or complications arising from diabetes.38,39 Secretors with modern diabetes have a low chance of developing retinopathy.40 The ABH non secretors which are affected by insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, they show mean levels of C3c and C4 is lower as compared to ABH secretors. metabolic Syndrome XThe Lewis negative men are predisposing to syndrome X and prothrombic metabolism. They have high levels of BMI, SBP, triglycerides and low levels of insulin in serum and plasma glucose while fasting. This relationship is not true for women and is only applicable for the men.41-43Respiratory SystemSecretors have an added protection against the harmful environmental assaults directed towards our lungs and as usual non-secretors have a health disadvantage. They are over represented among the people suffering from influenza viruses A and B, rhinoviruses, respiratory synsytial virus and echinoviruses.44 Secretors who are miners or smokers do elate a protection against the disastrous effe cts of the cigarette smoking. Asthma is very common among the individuals working in the coal mines. Upon research it was concluded that asthma attack among them is also related to the non-secretor phenotype present in them. The non-secretor has a tendency to saw logs and are more prone to COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease).45Heart diseaseThe ABH non-secretor phenotype have a high risk of developing myocardial infarction and Lewis negative individuals have a high risk of developing continuing heart disease (CHD) and also ischemic heart disease (IHD).46 They contain high levels of triglycerides.47 alcoholism has a positive interaction with the Lewis negative individuals. Alcohol consumption is protective in these individuals.48,49Autoimmune DiseaseAutoimmune disorders such as Sjogrens syndrome, spondylitis, sclerosis, arthropathy, arthritis, and Graves disease are more prone in non-secretors.50-52 The ABH non-secretors affected with graves disease produces high levels o f antitubulin antibodies as compared to secretors and are futile to produce the water soluble glycoproteins in the saliva.53Fetal Loss and sterilityABO antigens are also found on the sperm of the secretors.54 These are obtained from the seminal secretions present in them. ABO incompatibility could exist between the wife and husband if could affect the fertility of an individual.55,56 This issue has not been justly studied and is therefore under research.Rheumatic FeverThe secretors and group O individuals are resistant to Rheumatic fever and more number of cases have been recorded in the non-secretors.57,58 Secretor status could also determine whether the woebegone fever would be followed by streptococcal pharyngitis or not.59-61Neisseria speciesThe non-secretors who do not produce water soluble antigens in the saliva are at the risk of getting infected by Neisseria meningcococcal disease.62 The immune capabilities of the secretor provide a relative protection in the secretors. The ABH non-secretors produce low level of anti-meningococcal salivary IgM antibodies which provide protection to the secretors against the microorganism.63Candida speciesNon-secretors are barriers of candida species and therefore are frequently affected by the candida infections. The glycocompounds secreted by secretors in the body fluids inhibit adhesins present on the yeast which are responsible for their love with the body tissues.64-66 This leads to the development of the chronic hyperplastic Candidiasis. Statistics shows that 68% on the non-secretors are affected by chronic hyperplastic candidiasis.67 Non-secretor women are affected by recurrent idiopathic vulvovaginal Candidiasis. An individual with a combination of non-secretors and absence of Lewis gene are at relative risk of developing recurrent idiopathic vulvovaginal Candidiasis.68Tumor MarkersThe individuals with homozygous active Le alleles (Le/Le) and inactive (se/se) alleles shows a highest mean value of CA19-9 tu mour scrape.69 The Lewis negative individuals irrespective of Se genotype have negative set for CA19-9. The Lewis negative individuals have higher mean value for DU PAN-2 as compared to Le-positive individuals.70 We can conclude that CA 19-9 marker is not an appropriate tumor marker for Le-negative individuals but DU-PAN-9 is an appropriate tumor marker.71UTINon-secretors show a higher risk of getting recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) and nephritic scars as compared to secretors. This susceptibility is higher among negative Lewis subset. Statistics of a study done on women affected with recurrent urinary tract infection stated that 29% of the non-secretor women were affected by UTI and 26% of Lewis (a-b-) women were affected by the UTI.72-74 The non-secretor phenotype and blood group B and AB phenotype work together to increase the risk of UTI among women. Women and children suffering from renal scarring with and without the antibiotic treatment for UTI are prone to UTI and pyelonephritis.75-77 55-60% of non-secretors develop renal scars and 16% on secretors develop renal scars.78 C-reactive protein levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and body temperature are higher in the non-secretors that in secretors with recurrent UTI.79 shuttingIt concludes that there exist a statistical association between the individuals blood-group secretor phenotype and the diseases they are susceptible to. So knowing your secretor status is positive as we can use the nutritional supplements more intelligently and effectively. It also makes us aware of the diseases, illness and metabolic dysfunction we are prone to, difference in the levels of intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity, propensities towards blood clotting, tumor markers and different ingredients of breast milk so that we can manage them before mitt and would be prepared for them in the near future.