Understanding Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Understanding Statistics - Essay Example Understanding Statistics The ordinal scales provide no evident variation amongst the variables. This scale only evaluates the order of the values. The ordinal scales measure the concepts that are not numeric such as fulfillment, jovialness and discomfort among others. In any analysis, an individual can elucidate that number four is better than number three though the extent is not clear again, it is not easy to determine the variation between ok and happy. The interval scales encompass numeric scales that besides providing the order, they also provide the accurate differences between the variables in question. A standard example is the Celsius temperature such as the disparity between 30 and 40 degrees is 10 degrees. Time can also provide precise variations where the disparity between six and four minutes is two minutes. Ratio scales are essential in statistical evaluations to its flexibility for alterations seeking accuracy. The ratio scale can be multiplied, added, divided or subtracted and the central ten dency measures estimated. A discrete variable involves well determined set of predetermined set of probable values-states. The variables include the provision that is either â€Å"true† or †false†, the team that will win and the number of dime in a pouch amongst others. Nonetheless, the variables might appear to be discrete at one point and continuous at a different perspective. The continuous variable opts to take on a position between two extreme positions or values. Continuous variables encompass the indoor temperature, direction travelled or the water used. The discrete variable tends to depict a digital quantity whilst the continuous variable tends to be analog in quantity. According to the explanations provided on the above scales, the different statistical research studies can select any of the according to suitability for application. The continuous and the discrete variables have significance on the selection of the research methodologies to use since the experimental method would be appropriate with discrete data whilst the researches dealing with conventional aspects might find it appropriate to employ continuous variables in the research activity. The area under the normal distribution is proportional to the overall area. The total area covered in the normal curve is equivalent to one. The curves never attain the situation Y = 0 but move to the positive infinity and the negative infinity. The shape assumed by the normal curve is infinite and depends on the mean and the standard deviation. The z-score is a critical tool in data evaluation and is used to determine the extent to which a point x is high or below the population mean ?. It is the providence of the T-statistic with predetermined mean and the standard deviation. In case of interference with the degree of freedom to an extent of assuming population mean and the standard deviation from the availed sample, then it fails to be T-statistic. The percentile rank of a normally d istributed population can be estimated readily through the use of z- scores. In the e vent that the area under a curve is apportioned above and below the mean, the partitions obtained are the similar to the probability picking a value in the similar range. For instance, the area between the standard deviation above and below t

Leadership approach suggested by Lao Tzu

Leadership approach suggested by Lao Tzu First of all let us define leadership? Leadership is a very essential issue and can be understood in different views. It would be very hard to give leadership a general definition because many writers have tried without reaching an accord. According to Mullins, 2005, Good Leadership involves the effective process of delegation and empowerment. The Leadership relationship is not limited to leader behaviour resulting in subordinate behaviour Susan Ward, 1997 gave a simple definition of Leadership as the art of motivating a group of people to act towards achieving a common goal. Leadership in simplest terms can be defined as an ability through which you can gain followers. To gain followers requires authority but does not exclude the lack of reliability to achieve this. Whether you are the managing director or a shift leader, the way you lead is the single biggest success factor for everyone you work with. Leaders change the organisations around them. They make a difference to the business, rather than just making the business work. Leadership is about what you do. It involves learnable skills that can be applied to the tasks that occur in every business. Storr A. 1996 Leaders can generally be defined as those who take action when they do not want to leave things to chance. Leadership can also be defined as an instrument of goal achievement Bass 1990:15-16 Leadership is behaviour, not a position Bass 1990 The superior leader gets things done with very little motion. He imparts instruction not through many words but through a few deeds. He keeps informed about everything but interferes hardly at all. He is a catalyst, and though things would not get done well if he werent there, when they succeed he takes no credit. And because he takes no credit, credit never leaves him. Lao Tse, Tao Te Ching Famous Quotes on Leadership To lead people, walk beside them As for the best leaders, the people do not notice their existence. The next best, the people honour and praise. The next, the people fear; and the next, the people hate When the best leaders work is done the people say, We did it ourselves!' Lao-tsu If the blind lead the blind, both shall fall in the ditch. Jesus Christ Dictators ride to and fro upon tigers which they dare not dismount. And the tigers are getting hungry. Winston Churchill Control is not leadership; management is not leadership; leadership is leadership. If you seek to lead, invest at least 50% of your time in leading yourself-your own purpose, ethics, principles, motivation, conduct. Invest at least 20% leading those with authority over you and 15% leading your peers. Dee Hock Founder and CEO Emeritus, Visa Leadership is intentional influence. Michael McKinney People ask the difference between a leader and a boss. The leader leads, and the boss drives. Theodore Roosevelt Four rules of leadership in a free legislative body: First, no matter how hard-fought the issue, never get personal. Dont say or do anything that may come back to haunt you on another issue, another day. Second, do your homework. You cant lead without knowing what youre talking about. Third, the American legislative process is one of give and take. Use your power as a leader to persuade, not intimidate. Fourth, be considerate of the needs of your colleagues, even if theyre at the bottom of the totem pole. George Bush Former President of the United States Chester Barnard, 1997, believes that a good leader must have qualities such as Validity, Endurance, Intellectual Capacity, Persuasiveness and he should be responsible for any decision taken. THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP The Rise of Contemporary Leadership Theory Theories of leadership in any period are driven by a set of convictions and hopes on the part of the theorist. One certainty is that swift societal development makes it crucial to keep ones pulse on social changes and their implications for how groups of human beings can best be led, a natural assumption in the writings of leadership theorist Rosabeth Moss Kanter and numerous other scholars. A challenging view is that human nature is stagnant and unchanging and that the lasting lessons of history provide surer instruction in leadership than do the passing ripples of modernity. Ironically, the exemplars of this view are relatively ancient figures such as Lao Tzu and Machiavelli TRAIT THEORY OF LEADERSHIP: Trait theory is all about the types of personality tendencies and behaviour linked through effective leadership. Many theorists argued that key leadership trait include motivation; desire to seek power, self confidence to name a few. The biggest disapproval of this theory is that it suggests that leadership personality are inherited hence one is born with them. BEHAVIORAL AND STYLE THEORY OF LEADERSHIP: Another theory you should include in your leadership dissertation is Behavioural and style theory of leadership. In this theory the theorists stated that unlike the trait theory, leadership is not a set of traits but a pattern of motives. The Behavioural leadership grid model by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton based on concern for people and concern for productivity which are the basis of five different leadership styles. Studying this model will give you very clear emphasize of how to identify a clear leader. SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP THEORY: This theory presumes that different styles of leaderships are better in different situations. Many theorists have given their views about this theory. Its better to understand what each theorist proposes as to understand what they perceive is the right action on a certain situation. CONTIGENCY THEORY: Contingency theories of leadership focus on particular variables related to the environment that might determine which particular style of leadership is best suited for the situation. According to this theory, no leadership style is best in all situations. Success depends upon a number of variables, including the leadership style, qualities of the followers, and aspects of the situation. PARTICIPATIVE THEORY: Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account. These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process. In participative theories, however, the leader retains the right to allow the input of others. MANAGEMENT THEORY: Management theories (also known as Transactional theories) focus on the role of supervision, organization, and group performance. These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment. Managerial theories are often used in business; when employees are successful, they are rewarded; when they fail, they are reprimanded or punished. RELATIONSHIP THEORY: Relationship theories (also known as Transformational theories) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers. These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task. Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members, but also want each person to fulfil his or her potential. These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards. Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Kendra Van Wagner, 2001 Leadership at All Levels Leadership whoever is doing it is about creating positive change to achieve long-term objectives. 1.1 Leadership involves setting goals, then moving the business towards them. Making the best use of resources, including peoples potential, is the key skill. 1.2 Leaders have to earn the authority to lead. For example, in a new job you should usually start by asking questions. You need a sound knowledge base before you start making decisions on technical issues. People need to be convinced of a leaders expertise and determination. 1.3 Leading a team means developing and motivating individuals and group. This includes helping people find meaning and purpose in what they are doing, so that it is seen to be worthwhile. Leaders create more leaders. By setting a positive example and allowing people to learn and develop on the job, you encourage them to take a more proactive role. 1.4 Leaders must often press ahead where managers see problems and back off. For example, every new product idea will face a series of obstacles. A leader will find a way around each of them. Leaders at supervisor or office level need backing, as it is often difficult for them to be recognised as leaders by their workmates. Odirone, George S. 1961. How managers make things happen VIEWS ON LEADERSHIP Leaders and leading are different. Leading is initiating change by developing the plan, implementing and evaluating the plan. Leaders work with others at all levels to explore the nature of the required change. A leader learns from others, mentors, and coaches. Leading is the verb, leader the noun. Both are necessary for change. Linda Burnes, 2001 Leadership is self discovery, and facilitation for others. It is the energy potential that evolves from the synergy of being in the right place and in the right frame of mind at the right time. This definition requires one to intuitively discover self, develop keen intuition, seek a positive attitude, utilize active listening skills and practice honest communications. Bass 1990 Leadership could also be the balancing energy for mind, body and spirit harmony. Leadership can be compassionate: Compassionate leadership is the ability to be there for others, without withdrawing and without judgment. Unconditional compassion for us leads naturally to unconditional compassion for others. There are whole parts of ourselves that are so unwanted that whenever they begin to emerge in ourselves or others, we run away. We can learn to use all the unwanted things in our lives to awaken compassion for ourselves and others. We can then relate compassionately to people and things we would rather push away. A compassionate leader is centred, accepting, honest and clear, helping others find their path toward wholeness while seeking wholeness oneself. LAO-TZU view on Leadership To lead people, walk beside them As for the best leaders, the people do not notice their existence. The next best, the people honour and praise. The next, the people fear; and the next, the people hate When the best leaders work is done the people say, We did it ourselves! Lao Tzu From the above quote from Lao Tzu, his views on what a good leader should be are listed below: A good leader should be able to always sort himself out by adopting an array of self-oriented mechanisms to improve self performances such as self goal-setting, self-reward, self-criticism and by reconstructing his approach to management in alignment with the strategy of being a good leader. A good leader should always be able to walk the talk, and to demonstrate the tight link between rhetoric and deed to others. A good leader should apply this attitude to his subordinates, embracing them in their own goal-setting and provide positive strokes wherever possible. A good leader should believe in team work and have a self-leading culture. A good leader should be selfless, extremely humble and never take full praise for any success the team makes. Manz and Sims 1991 CONTEMPORARY LEADERSHIP Democratic Leadership This is a type of contemporary leadership. Unlike Lao Tzu, Bass (1990) defined leadership a general definition on Leadership. He defines Leadership as an interaction between two or more members of a group that often involves a structuring or restructuring of the situation and the perceptions and expectations of the members. He also explained that Leadership occurs when one group member modifies the motivation or competencies of others in the group. Any member of the group can exhibit some amount of leadership His own view on leadership is viewed as constituting only constructive behaviours aimed at pursuing group goals. This type of leadership was described by Lewin and Lippitt 1938; as a kind of leadership that involves the democratic leaders relying upon group decision-making, active member involvement, honest praise and criticism, and a degree of comradeship. They believed leaders using the other styles were either domineering or uninvolved. In democratic leadership, Kutner (1950:460) explains that Leaders need authority but the delegation of authority in a democratic group is never a mandate for any leader to employ authority without the eventual approval of the group. Democratic leaders are the kind that must be accountable for the decisions they make as individuals and the roles they play in the democratic group. (Starhawk 1986) Their position in the network of power relations also makes these leaders responsible for making lines of authority, power and decision making clear and visible. They must keep their agendas and motivesopen and visible, not hidden. (Starhawk 1986; 272) Conceptions of Democratic Leadership Distributing Responsibility among the Democratic group (DEMO) Here, the democratic leader seeks to spread responsibility rather than to concentrate it. The essence of democratic leadership is that it shall promote opportunities for the fitting initiative of those within the society, and in the manner the latter desire. Nagel (1987) goes further arguing that democratic leadership should not merely ask members to take on responsibility; at times, the democratic leader must be demanding in reminding people of their collective responsibilities. Some members may be less than enthusiastic to do their share, and leaders who allow free riders to exploit fellow citizens do not serve their communities well. Empowerment Here, Gibbs (1971) describes this as asking fellow members of the DEMOs to take on responsibility, this is one of many ways in leaders can help develop members decision making capabilities. The members must be skilled at wide variety of tasks, such as speaking, thinking and organizing (Evans and Boyte 1986). Democratic Leadership can augment members skills by setting high but reasonable standards and asking members to challenge themselves (Tead 1935). Members ability may develop through taking on new responsibilities, but leaders can also pay a direct role by offering instruction or suggestion, particularly when asked to do so. Democratic leaders show genuine care and concern for the members of the DEMO (Starhawk 1986, Desjardins and Brown 1991) but not in a way that makes them into a substitute parent of guardian. A democratic leader must never manipulate the masses through shrewd exploitation of their mentality Aiding Deliberation Democratic Leaders must distribute responsibility appropriately and empower other group members, but they must devote the bulk of their time and energy to ensuring productive and democratic decision-making. Deliberation is the heart of democracy (Barber 1984; Mathews 1988) Democratic leadership aids the deliberative process through constructive participation facilitation, and the maintenance of healthy relationships and a positive emotional setting. Conclusion In conclusion, one would believe this quote from Linda Burnes saying Leaders and leading are different. Leading is initiating change by developing the plan, implementing and evaluating the plan. Leaders work with others at all levels to explore the nature of the required change. As a leader you have to learn to commune your idea or the vision of your company to the people you want to follow you. You must have zeal because you have to show your followers that you want to accomplish the goal as badly as they do, your zeal will drive them. You must learn to be a great decision maker. Sometimes, leaders must face times of pressure where they are forced to make quick decisions; a great leader must have this skill. You must be a team builder. To become a great leader, you must first make your followers great, you must have the authority to give your team responsibilities, and trust them too, and you must slowly make them greater and greater. You must also have character because your innate character strengths play a critical role in your leadership style. You must also be able to understand your followers and be able to speak their language in order to communicate properly with them. From research leadership can viewed as a phenomenon that is constantly changing. This essay has highlighted some leadership approaches and behaviours but there is no predicted way of behaviour for a leader. It is a matter of contingency

Some Writing from Nancy Tucker :: Literature Papers

Some Writing from Nancy Tucker This page contains three pieces, Advice to Young Poets and Writers, Driving,and The Big Five- O. Advice to Young Poets and Writers Life is not easy. Write. Because you can, you must. Remember your roots, your pain. Use them. But roots and pain are not enough--move on from your own past. Look outward--use your eyes to see both what other people do not see and what other people see but do not talk about. Write. Learn to listen to the crickets, the dogs, the squeak of bicycles and to other people's stories. Ask questions. Wait for answers. Write. Look inward--test truth on your own pulses. Writing is both art and craft Use your skill, your talent to tell the truth--that's the point of being a writer. Write. Avoid self-righteousness--other people have truths, too. Laugh. And cry. In the same sentence, if you can do it well. Be afraid. Write anyway. Always, always, always do what your teachers say cannot be done. And when you teach, if you teach, remember you too are a learner: respect your students' truths even as you nudge them toward growth. Write. Begin now. Nancy Tucker April, 1997 Return to 313-2000 Return to 313work Return to 840 work Return to Nancy Tucker's homepage Driving It’s 6:30 and I drag my briefcase to my car, pull out of the parking lot and join the snake of cars heading home. The white line becomes my guide as darkness slips down behind me. I’m on the road again, Willie. Drivin’ my life away, Eddie. I eat flattened fruit ‘n’ pastry bars from a side pocket in my purse and wish for pasta in alfredo sauce or a thick burger and a beer. But I’m still driving, driving, driving, so there’s no hope of that. nt ? March, 2000 THE BIG FIVE-0H by Nancy Tucker I have a book on my nightstand called Aging Gracefully. Someone bought it for me, hoping it would give me hope and courage, I guess. It's next to another gift book, Women Turning 50. Oh yeah, you guessed it. In a few days. The Big 5-0. Half-a-century. Yeah, it boggles my mind, too- I'm gonna be 50. While I'm pleased that people think of me and care enough to give me books, I really believe that 50 is something that happens to someone else.

Appendix D

Associate Program Material Appendix D Selecting a Topic and Brainstorming Worksheet Complete the following and post as an attachment. |List two objects, people, subjects, or concepts you are going to | | |compare and/or contrast. | | | |Hamburgers,French fries, Milk shakes | |What are the similarities between the two objects, people, |They’re both fresh.They’re both fast food. | |subjects, or concepts? List as many similarities as you can. | | |What are the differences between the two objects, people, |Burger king has onion rings and frozen slushy’s. | |subjects, or concepts? List as many differences as you can. | | |Are you going to focus on similarities, differences, or both? | | |Explain your rationale. Im going to do both because they are both good resturaunts but I | | |prefer certain items from both resturaunts. | | | | |What do you want your readers to learn and understand after |After reading my essay I want you to learn the healthy foods from| | reading your essay? What is the purpose of your essay? the bad foods at the resturauns and the different services you | | |receive. | | | | | | | |What three or four parallel points of comparison and/or contrast |The neatness of the sandwhiches. The grease they use to cook | |will you address in your essay? For example, if you were going to|their foods.The customer service you receive. The score from the| |compare and contrast two teachers, your parallel points might be |inspectors for their cleaness. | |each teacher’s homework policy, classroom conduct policy, and | | |demeanor. | | |Explain why this is an appropriate and workable topic selection | | |for the final assignment. Because there are so many different things in the fast food | | |business some people are filthy and people actually are eating | | |the foods they don’t really take the time to research the | | |background of where there meats are coming from if they are | | |processed or what. | | | Reflect on what you learned in Ceridwen Dovey’s video. Write a 100- to 150-word paragraph describing how your own writing process is changing as you complete the activities in this course. My own process is changing because I am getting a lot of good advice from the videos and my fellow classmates.They are giving such great ideas on how to write a good paper. I think that my writing is going to be good because I have a lot of good methods that I’ve always used like brainstorming and clustering and I think that those methods on top of the ones I’ve learned from the videos and classmates is going to give me the capability of writing a perfect paper that is in sequence order with the subject and each paragraph will stick to the topic and not jump to a different subject.

General Knowledge in Criminal Justice

Every country is governed by a set of laws designed to maintain order within it. There are laws that govern the political relations with its citizens while there are also laws that regulate the civil rights of its citizens. There are a set of rules that define what acts or omissions are considered felonies or offenses and prescribes punishment for violations of these rules. The latter is called the criminal justice system of a country. This criminal justice system is manifested by the enactment of penal laws of the state. Penal laws define what acts are considered crime and determine the proper penalty for its commission. Because of the enactment of penal laws, each state is able to enforce and maintain law and order within its jurisdiction. Society is a complex structure which does not simply function harmoniously by accident. There must be a conscious effort on the part of the state to regulate the behavior of its members. It is because of this reason that the system of punishment was institutionalized and legitimized in our society. Punishment is the action taken by the State for every violation of its laws. Punishment can be considered as a response by the society to any offense or felony committed against it. It may range from the deprivation of liberty of the convicted individual or the payment of fine for the reparation of injury caused. The deprivation of liberty can last from several days or it may extend to several years depending on the nature of the crime committed. If the crime however is heinous capital punishment may be imposed. Classical Theory There are many theories on which our criminal justice system is based. One of the foundations for imposition of the criminal justice system is the Classical Theory. It attempts to give an explanation on the root cause of crime for the purpose of controlling it or preventing it from happening. It argues that man is by nature a moral creature with a free will. This free will gives him the capacity to choose between right and wrong. When man performs an act, the assumption is that the same is a rational and conscious decision arising from a careful calculation of its possible consequences. It is to be presumed that the doer of the act has carefully weighed the consequences of his action so that he will achieve his end-goal which is to maximize pleasure and to minimize pain. Thus, when a person engages in deviant behavior and commits a crime it is to be presumed that he voluntarily and willfully committed it after a careful calculation of both the benefits and risks of its commission. Crime is therefore a product of rational and conscious choice deliberately performed by an individual and not the result of the external forces surrounding him. There are those who hold that crime is a social and natural phenomenon as contradistinguished from the Classical Theory. According to the Positivist Theory, man at times is subdued by a strange and morbid phenomenon which constrains and impels him to do wrong. Though man is by nature good, there are forces around him that makes him commit a wrongful act. Thus, contrary to the Classical School, crime is not a product of a rational and conscious decision that results from carefully weighing the advantages and disadvantages of the act rather it results from interplay of social and external forces that heavily influence the individual. It is because of this reason that the criminal justice system should not be a mere function of strict and inflexible application of the abstract principles of law. Rather, it is the task of the judge to take into consideration such other facts and circumstances that attend the commission of the crime. Retributivism Theory There are those who adhere to the Retributivism Theory. According to this theory, punishment is allowed, whether it is imprisonment or death, because the convicted prisoner deserves it. This is otherwise known as the doctrine of ‘just desert’ which is founded on the ‘eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth† philosophy. When an injury is done to another, an unfair situation is created between the offender and the victim. The imposition of punishment against the wrongdoer removes the unfair advantage and restores the balance. (Anthony Duff, Sec 5) In essence, this theory states that certain actions in the society that are injurious to other people will merit the imposition of imprisonment. When these acts are done willfully and voluntarily by any individual then it is but proper that he be punished for his acts to restore the moral balance and address the moral culpability which are essential in restoring harmony in the society. (Deligitimizing Retribution†2) UtilitarianTheory On the other hand, there are those who believe in the Utilitarian Theory. It argues that state- sanctioned punishment is justified because of its utility. Based on the principle of utility, acts are pursued depending on the desirability of its consequences. If punishment will most likely produce the greatest balance of happiness over unhappiness then the punishment is justified. But if there are other options that would produce a greater balance of happiness over unhappiness, then that option should be chosen and punishment is unjustified. Kevin Murtagh, Sec 1a) In simpler terms, the idea is if we are to weigh the positive effects of punishment as against its negative effects and the positive effects outweighs the negative ones then that punishment has to be imposed. This theory somewhat looks forward and considers the consequences of punishment to the society. Unlike the Retributivist theory which focuses on the benefits to the victim, in Utilitarian Theory the oth er members of the society is considered to benefit from the imprisonment of the convicted prisoner. Deterrence Theory. For example, capital punishment is considered beneficial for the society because it deters the commission of more crimes by other persons. Under the Deterrence Theory, the imposition of the criminal justice system sends a strong message that it is tough on crime. Once a convicted prisoner is imprisoned or sentenced to death it is as if we are saying to the rest of the society that this will happen to those who will violate our laws. It is also an open declaration that there is a war against crime and that any violation of its laws will be seriously dealt with by the state. Once society sees that the violation of a law will have serious consequences to the wrong-doers then this will have a positive effect to the society by deterring criminality. Incapacitation Theory According to Incapacitation Theory, society is also benefited from the imprisonment of the convicted prisoner because it incapacitates him from further committing crimes and reduces recidivism rate. (Lynch and Sabol) Experience shows that those who have previously committed crimes are more likely to commit another crime. There is no more effective way of incapacitating the offender except by removing them from the society. Thus, in the case of imposition of death penalty, a person who is sentenced to death can no longer commit further crimes because he is permanently incapacitated to perform the same. The society is also benefited when wrong-doers are incarcerated or sentenced to death. We also prevent the possibility of these people escaping from prison and committing further crimes. (Thoughts on the Death Penalty p 2) The purpose of this is the protection of the other members of the society. Restorative Justice Theory The Restorative Justice theory is another aspect of the Utilitarian Theory which gives emphasis on the restoration of the criminal offender as one of the purposes of criminal justice system. It seeks to promote the objective of restoring the offender to the mainstream society by making him perform community service, requiring reimbursement and other worthwhile activities while in prison. This is based on the theory that a criminal offender is a socially sick individual. The other members of the society have the moral obligation to give aid and assistance to them.

Taylor Is an English Occupational Name for a Tailor

Taylor Is an English Occupational Name for a Tailor Taylor is an English occupational name for a tailor, from Old French tailleur for tailor which comes from the Latin taliare, meaning to cut.  Taylor may also be an Americanized version of one of the several European surnames that derive from the occupation of a  tailor, including Schneider (German), Szabà ³ (Hungarian), Portnoy (Russian), Krawiec (Polish) and Kleermaker (Dutch). The biblical meaning of Taylor translates to clothed with salvation and the name means eternal beauty. Learn about Taylors Americanized name, alternate surname spellings along with popular people who have the surname. Popular Baby Name Taylor is among the most commonly found surnames, due to its popularity as a medieval occupation.  Its surname origin being  English,  the given name Taylor ranked #24 in a list of most popular baby names by the U.S. Social Security Administration in the year 2007. It is a gender-neutral name used for both girls and boys in the United States, England, Wales, Canada and more. Alternate Surname Spellings TaylaTaylerTailourTaylourTailleurTailorTayloeTyler Famous People With the Surname James Taylor: Popular American singer/songwriterZachary Taylor: Twelfth President of the United StatesJohn Baxter Taylor: First African American Olympic gold medalist Genealogy Resources 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their Meanings: Smith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census?Taylor Family Genes DNA Surname Project: Join other Taylor males and females in sorting out the various Taylor ancestral lines worldwide through Y Chromosome and DNA genetic testing.Taylor Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Taylor surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Taylor query.FamilySearch - TAYLOR Genealogy: Find records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Taylor surname and its variations.TAYLOR Surname Family Mailing Lists: RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Taylor surname. References and Further Reading Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD, Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German-Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

What Polypropylene Plastics Are and How Theyre Used

What Polypropylene Plastics Are and How They're Used The world of plastic is not a cut and dried one. There are around 45 different types of plastic and each one has its own properties and uses, from commercial to residential. Polypropylene is one type of plastic that is used for a number of different products, due to its wide variety of properties. Understanding the chemical properties, history and advantages of this plastic can allow you to see the importance that this type of plastic has on your everyday life. What are the chemical properties of this plastic? Chemical Properties of Polypropylene Polypropylene is located between low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) on the crystallinity level. It is flexible and tough, especially when it is copolymerized with ethylene. This copolymerization allows this plastic to be used as engineering plastic that is in a number of different products and uses. The flow rate is a measure of molecular weight and this determines how easily it will flow during processing. A higher MFR allows the polypropylene to fill the mold more easily. As the melt flow increases, some of the physical properties of the plastic decreases, however, such as impact strength. History of Polypropylene German chemist, Karl Rehn, and Giulio Natta first polymerized propylene to a crystalline isotatic polymer in March 1954. This discovery soon led to a commercial production of polypropylene starting in 1957. Others claimed the discovery, as often occurs when a general body of knowledge is used, and this litigation was not resolved until 1989. This very popular plastic is one that many different manufacturers use for a number of different products. What Is Polypropylene Used For? Polypropylene is used for a wide number of different products. Due to the resistance to fatigue, this means that it can be used on items that are going to have high stress, such as hinge mechanisms on water bottles and more. It is also used in manufacturing piping systems, as well as chairs, and in medical or laboratory use. The colorfastness means that it is also used in carpeting, rugs, and mats. Ropes, cable insulation, roofing membranes, storage boxes, disposable bottles, plastic pails and other items are also made using this type of plastic. When you consider the impact of this plastic on your everyday use, you will see that it is one plastic that most people just cannot live without. PP plastics are also used in fiber reinforced composites. Common trade names for FRP glass fiber reinforced polyproplyene include Polystrand and Twintex. Polypropylene Advantages Polypropylene offers many different advantages. These advantages allow it to be used for a wide variety of different products and uses, from high heat to cold weather and more. What are some of these advantages? -Low cost makes it budget friendly for a wide number of uses -Has a moderate strength and stability -Has flexibility, which makes it easy to mold into different shapes -Colorfast, which means that any colors will stay bright and beautiful -Resistant to fatigue, which allows it to be used for things such as water bottle hinges and spouts -Offers good insulation for pipes, cables, and more -Chemically resistant to most oils and solvents -Excellent impact strength -Low coefficient of friction -Excellence moisture resistance -High temperature resistance, which means it can be used in laboratories When you look at polypropylene, you can see that it has many different properties that explain its widespread use. From clothing to pipes to carpet and more, this type of plastic is one that is used in a number of different products. Understanding its importance will allow you to appreciate it to the fullest. Polypropylene is one plastic that can be used for products now and can be recycled into products for the future as well.

What You Need to Know About Online Education

What You Need to Know About Online Education Exploring Online Education: Online education is often preferred by professionals, parents, and students who need a flexible school schedule. This article will help you understand the basics of online education, recognize its benefits and drawbacks, and choose an online education program that fits your needs. What is Online Education?: Online education is any type of learning that occurs through the internet. Online education is often called: distance learningdistance educationvirtual learningonline learninge-learningweb-based training Is Online Education Right for You?: Online education isn’t for everyone. People who are most successful with online education tend to be self-motivated, skilled with scheduling their time, and capable of meeting deadlines. Advanced reading and writing skills are often required to excel in text-heavy online education courses. See: Is Online Learning Right for You? Online Education Pros: Online education offers flexibility for people who have work or family responsibilities outside of school. Often, students enrolled in online education programs are able to work at their own pace, accelerating their studies if desired. Online education programs may also charge less than traditional programs. Online Education Cons: Students involved in online education often complain that they miss the direct, face-to-face interaction found on traditional campuses. Since coursework is generally self-directed, it is difficult for some online education students to stay engaged and complete their assignments on time. Types of Online Education Programs: When choosing an online education program, you’ll need to decide between synchronous courses and asynchronous courses. Students taking online education courses synchronously are required to log on to their courses at the same time as their professors and peers. Students taking online education courses asynchronously may log on to the course website whenever they choose and do not have to participate in discussions or lectures at the same time as their peers. Choosing an Online Education Program: After surveying your online education options, choose a school that fits your personal goals and learning style. The About.com list of Online Education Program Profiles can help you make the right decision.

Essay for Art and Design Class Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

For Art and Design Class - Essay Example There is an understanding that is reached with the material Smith used to create this art work considering how she handled them in order facilitates viewer’s thought processes. Smith painted The Court House Steps in reaction to the conservation emergency created when a landlord bulldozed a boulder marked with petroglyphs from its escarpment site (Smith and Kastner 63). He delivered the culturally significant stone to the courthouse to object legal arbitrations barring him from constructing a building on his land. The jagged angles on Smith’s work might be kiva steps bulging into high-rise buildings that grow and fall. Transversely, a series of orbs converges in a solar eclipse across the center. Smith and Kastner assert that, The Court House Steps is the most traumatic of all her paintings (87)† because â€Å"it documents a world spinning out of control† (87). In this painting, Smith is seen to be lifting imagery from the natural world, and then changing it into modernism via abstraction. Her inhabited landscapes show the infinite human conflict over disputed lands. Her painting fuses modernist color and techniques with her unique visual vocabulary of crashing lines in a stirred expression of the human spirit. The work establishes Smith’s artistic voice, grounding it in modern abstraction, where she extends her native tradition through images of plants, animals and humans to bring the message home. The idea that smith was communicating was that the petroglyphs were subjected to individual coming in and shooting in that area – getting rid of the petroglyphs from the lava escarpment. The Court House Steps is about uniting the traditional values in a very modern and fast changing world. In this painting smith informs us that world is complex and things will be changing very rapidly so we must prepare for the change and sometimes predict it. And we must work in a mixed way with some new things or ideally add in

Human resources and employment rights Literature review

Human resources and employment rights - Literature review Example Providing value and respect to employees can help the organization to avoid several workplace issues regarding employment rights (Bach, 2003, pp.11-13). The study will provide a theoretical framework about the issues arising to several HR practitioners regarding various employment rights. Literature Review Several global organizations face significant challenges due to the regulation on unfair employee dismissal. According to these rules and regulation, an employer cannot simply terminate the employees based on several unethical reasons. Traditionally, employers recruit new employees based on the competency of the employees and several organizational policies. It is true that several workplace hazards can reduce the ability or physical competency of the employees. In this case, it is the moral right of the employees to expect employment. Few organizations used to terminate them with minimum compensation due to their reduced ability and competency. This issue can hamper the workplace environment of the organization as it can minimize the motivation level of the other employees. According to Gennard and Judge (2005), government of several countries have introduced several legal HR policies in terms of employment rights in order to provide justice to these disabled employees (Gennard and Judge, 2005, p.198). According to Daniels (2004), OECD countries collaboratively have developed employment protection regulation in order to protect the existing jobs of employees (Daniels, 2004, p.22). According to employment protection law, it is the right of all qualified and suitable employees to enjoy several aspects of employments. Old employees or several disable employees cannot be terminated for the sake of low performance and productivity. Several organizations have faced critical challenges due to this issue. Decision to terminate an employee can create huge legal risk for the employers. This employee termination activity needs to fulfil the policy of employment. Severa l workplace conflicts, such as religion, gender, race, ages, disability and national origin issues can violate the organizational culture which can reduce the performance of organization. The HR practitioners can face several issues related to employment rights. Making inadequate, disparaging and false comments about employees can create serious conflict. Inadequate employee or workforce management and emotional distress of employees will violate the employment protection law. In this case, the employees have the right to file a legal case against the management or the organization. According to Bone (2004), violation of privacy of the employees is strictly restricted (Bone, 2004, p.38). In terms of old employees, it is true that the old employees cannot provide similar physical performance comparing to the young and enthusiastic employees. Under the Medical and Family Leave Act, the employees have the right to take leave against appropriate claims. In addition, the employers of the organizations or the HR managers are bound to provide leaves to these employees if the claims are reasonable. HR practitioner cannot terminate them or cut their salary based on these aspects. However, several global organizations are facing various legal issues regarding employment rights. An employer cannot terminate an employee without proper and thorough investigation. In either case, the particular employee can sue the organization legally. If the

Example of an asset that is NOT recorded on a Balance Sheet Essay

Example of an asset that is NOT recorded on a Balance Sheet - Essay Example While scrutinizing a business and assessing its worth it is of almost importance to get a thorough and detailed understanding of the particulars recorded in the balance sheet and how are they measured . In the balance sheet, assets denotes the resources of a business that it has attained over a time and which have some economic value. Companies usually acquire assets through investing activities, operating activities or financing activities. Liquidity refers to the concept of how fast can an asset be converted into cash. Therefore, assets in a balance sheet are listed according to the order of liquidity. The category of assets section is divided in to two sub-categories namely, current assets and non-current assets. Currents Assets are those assets which are predicted to stay with the business for more than twelve months. Both current and non current assets belong to the tangible form of assets. This also, infers that the assets that are recorded in the balance sheet or any other fin ancial statement are actually tangible asset that are those assets which have some physical form and value where as the assets that can not be evaluated and seen physically are called intangible assets. Such assets as intangible assets can not be recorded in any financial statement, particularly not in the balance sheet. Goodwill of a company falls under the heading of an intangible asset and thus, it is not recorded in the books of the companies as it is defined in terms of the positive reputation of a firm that does not have a physical existence, but is of utmost importance for a business. Patents, copyrights, and trademarks are also other examples of intangible assets which are not recorded in the balance sheet. Good customer relations, a strong brand name, good employee relations, any patents or propriety

Biofuel production from waste wood - (Product Life Cycle Assessment Coursework

Biofuel production from waste wood - (Product Life Cycle Assessment (PLCA)) - Coursework Example However, wood pellets have drawbacks including requirement for large storage facilities and continuous removal and control of ashes (Chen, 2009, p 2). It is indispensable to comprehend that use of wood pellets as a substitute energy source to fossil fuels remains essential in significant reduction of global warming effects and minimal emissions of green gases. The report aims at understanding the life cycle of wood pellets and its contribution to environmental degradations. In addition, the report provides an assessment of wood pellets life cycle in relation to its human effects. Besides, the fundamental objective of the report is to assist wood pellets producers in communicating with customers. Moreover, the producers would also ensure better environmental management. Life cycle assessment (LCA) relates to an environmental evaluation device that focuses on analyzing environmental impacts associated with use of a process or product within its entire duration or life. The inherent assessment remains achievable through creation of a systematic model that can carry out quantification of energy and materials consumption and calculation of released wastes and emissions (Manyele, 2007, p 142). Such computation of effects occurs of life cycle of the process or product from raw materials extraction, production, transportation, reuse and use phases, and consequent recycling stage. Therefore, there exist four significant steps in performing LCA including last step called interpretation, life cycle impact assessment, inventory analysis, and the first step being goal and scope definition. Assessment of wood pellets life cycle is domineering in quantifying and analyzing its global warming potentials in comparison to fossil fuels. Moreover, the assessment remai ns vital in communicating with customers that constantly uses fuels and more importantly to investigate impacts of the energy on the environment. The diagram below illustrates the

Understanding economic globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Understanding economic globalization - Essay Example Economic journals define globalization as a process by which national economies and cultures are integrated into an international economy so as to enhance international trade, direct foreign investment, migration, and technology sharing. It is generally argued that the concept of globalization greatly contributes to effective and rapid circulation of ideas, languages, and cultural ideologies since nations have liberalized cross-border trade regulations with intent to enhance foreign investment and cross-border trade for international business expansion.On the contrary, Deepak Nayyar strongly claims that globalisation has not led to a rapid growth and economic convergence in the world. He adds that this process greatly slowed down economic growth, caused the divergence of income levels, and widened the gap between industrialised nations and developing countries. Nayyar’s framework mainly compares the globalisation process of late nineteenth century with that of the twentieth ce ntury. Nayyar’s framework Nayyar tells that the term globalisation is used both in a positive and a normative sense, and hence it is a cause for confusion. According to Nayyar (2006), the word globalisation is used in a positive sense to express a process of integration into the global economy whereas it is used in a normative sense to describe a developmental strategy in the context of a rapid integration with the world economy. In the opinion of Nayyar, globalisation can be simply referred to a spread of economic activities across national boundaries. He clearly explains that the phenomenon of globalisation has three economic manifestations including â€Å"international trade, international investment, and international finance† (Nayyar, 2006). More precisely, this process increases economic openness, promotes economic interdependence, and strengthens economic integration in the world; and in order to get more clear ideas about the globalisation process, Nayyar descr ibes the terms economic openness, economic interdependence, and economic integration. Although globalisation and resulted economic openness facilitates flows of investment, services, technology, information, and ideas beyond national boundaries; this process cannot liberalise cross-border movement of people (ibid). In addition, Nayyar strongly argues that economic interdependence as a result of globalisation is asymmetrical. He opines that countries in the industrialised world are more interdependent while developing countries are highly dependent on industrialised countries. It also seems that countries in the developing world are less interdependent. A situation of interdependence emerges when the benefits involved in linking and costs involved in delinking are almost same for both partners. In contrast, when the derived benefits and incurred costs are notably different for both partners, it contributes to a situation of interdependence (ibid). By referring to these ideas, he stat es that globalisation has not much contributed to the economic prosperity of developing and underdeveloped countries. In the view of Nayyar, economic integration straddles national boundaries because importance of borders in economic transactions has been decreased as a result of globalisation related cross border liberalisation. To justify the argument that the globalisation has reduced the pace of economic growth and also caused some adverse effects on the economies, Nayyar points out a sequence of evidences. In order to strengthen his arguments, Nayyar refers to the point that global economy in the late 20th century and early 21st century (globalisation era) was very much similar to that in the late 19th (pre-globalisation era) century in many ways. He asserts that there were no restrictions on the movement of goods, capital, and labour across national boundaries during the early 20th century and hence governmental interventions seldom constrained economic activities. He tells th at the popularisation of steamship, the railway, and the

Implementing a GIS System and GPS training in rural Belize Research Paper

Implementing a GIS System and GPS training in rural Belize - Research Paper Example The area is least developed and it consists of some of the most attractive tourists sites including cave networks, a wide range of cultures including that of the early civilization Maya and beautiful lowland plains. Fishing is also a key economic activity in the region and fishermen normally make use of their traditional dugout canoes for fly fishing and catching seasonal lobsters. Besides tourism and fishing, the Toledo District also gains its prominence from small scale agriculture due to the influence of the settlers from the US Confederate who introduced farming in the region. The economy in Toledo thus heavily relies on agriculture to ensure that the local people earn a living. Some of the crops that are popular among the farmers in Toledo include corn and beans. The farmers from the region also produce rice in large scale which is usually auctioned at the District’s Big Falls Rice Mill. The Toledo Cacao Association is similarly responsible for marketing the cacao product which is normally farmed organically. The most popular output that results from the cacao value addition chain is the Maya Gold chocolate brand. Cacao is such a popular crop in the Belize District and it’s celebrated during in a chocolate festival during the Toledo Cacao Festival. Besides rice, corn, beans and cacao, the farmers in Belize also grow additional crops such as hot peppers, chili, sweet potato, yams, coffee, plantain and oranges. Just like it is the norm in variant rural districts in southern and Central America, Toledo has reserved market days at its capital P unta Gorda where the farm produce is sold. The market days include Saturday, Friday, Wednesday and Monday. Agriculture and transportation are complementary in nature and it is imperative to also identify ways through which the GIP and GPS technologies can be used to further enhance the complementary nature of the two economic activities. Complementarity in agriculture and

Understanding economic globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Understanding economic globalization - Essay Example Economic journals define globalization as a process by which national economies and cultures are integrated into an international economy so as to enhance international trade, direct foreign investment, migration, and technology sharing. It is generally argued that the concept of globalization greatly contributes to effective and rapid circulation of ideas, languages, and cultural ideologies since nations have liberalized cross-border trade regulations with intent to enhance foreign investment and cross-border trade for international business expansion.On the contrary, Deepak Nayyar strongly claims that globalisation has not led to a rapid growth and economic convergence in the world. He adds that this process greatly slowed down economic growth, caused the divergence of income levels, and widened the gap between industrialised nations and developing countries. Nayyar’s framework mainly compares the globalisation process of late nineteenth century with that of the twentieth ce ntury. Nayyar’s framework Nayyar tells that the term globalisation is used both in a positive and a normative sense, and hence it is a cause for confusion. According to Nayyar (2006), the word globalisation is used in a positive sense to express a process of integration into the global economy whereas it is used in a normative sense to describe a developmental strategy in the context of a rapid integration with the world economy. In the opinion of Nayyar, globalisation can be simply referred to a spread of economic activities across national boundaries. He clearly explains that the phenomenon of globalisation has three economic manifestations including â€Å"international trade, international investment, and international finance† (Nayyar, 2006). More precisely, this process increases economic openness, promotes economic interdependence, and strengthens economic integration in the world; and in order to get more clear ideas about the globalisation process, Nayyar descr ibes the terms economic openness, economic interdependence, and economic integration. Although globalisation and resulted economic openness facilitates flows of investment, services, technology, information, and ideas beyond national boundaries; this process cannot liberalise cross-border movement of people (ibid). In addition, Nayyar strongly argues that economic interdependence as a result of globalisation is asymmetrical. He opines that countries in the industrialised world are more interdependent while developing countries are highly dependent on industrialised countries. It also seems that countries in the developing world are less interdependent. A situation of interdependence emerges when the benefits involved in linking and costs involved in delinking are almost same for both partners. In contrast, when the derived benefits and incurred costs are notably different for both partners, it contributes to a situation of interdependence (ibid). By referring to these ideas, he stat es that globalisation has not much contributed to the economic prosperity of developing and underdeveloped countries. In the view of Nayyar, economic integration straddles national boundaries because importance of borders in economic transactions has been decreased as a result of globalisation related cross border liberalisation. To justify the argument that the globalisation has reduced the pace of economic growth and also caused some adverse effects on the economies, Nayyar points out a sequence of evidences. In order to strengthen his arguments, Nayyar refers to the point that global economy in the late 20th century and early 21st century (globalisation era) was very much similar to that in the late 19th (pre-globalisation era) century in many ways. He asserts that there were no restrictions on the movement of goods, capital, and labour across national boundaries during the early 20th century and hence governmental interventions seldom constrained economic activities. He tells th at the popularisation of steamship, the railway, and the

Hospers' view that the unconsciousness that determines what the Essay

Hospers' view that the unconsciousness that determines what the conscious impulse and conscious acts will be is correct - Essay Example The author takes a position that the unconscious is very instrumental in determining the conscious deeds. Man’s actions may be influenced by various factors depending on the prevailing conditions; some of these conditions are within their control while others are not. Hospers argues that the concept of freewill is an illusion because ‘an act is free if and only if it is a voluntary act’. Using examples, he demonstrates that acting involuntarily dominates over voluntary actions. In many quarters, the debate of whether individuals act on freewill has been demonstrated. The proponents argue that freewill is nonexistent because the influence of the unconscious dominates over an individual (Blatchford 41). Citing the situation at birth where a child learns from the environment and the process continues with further development, the argument says that the influences of all those experiences are the ones that bring out the actions of an individual. The way a person acts is not a factor of their willingness but an inner push by the subconscious. A man is a product of their unconscious since their choices are biased. Humans make choices every day. Choices are not justifiable if they do not incorporate the aspect of freewill based on non-coercion. In a case where a person finds himself or herself torn between giving their money to thieves or otherwise they take away his life, making such a decision cannot be termed as freewill because the person is not willing to do either, only that he is limited to make a choice. Whenever a person makes a choice, there are factors inherent in the person that influences the choice (British Philosophical Association 2). In his article, Hospers gives a very convincing example stating that the paralytic are unable to move their legs while the others can, depicting that the limitations are not reliant on the choice of the individual but the credibility of the choice. What gets into the mind of a person indirectly influen ces their actions. Many are the compulsions that influence the humans without their knowledge. The perception that whatever we do is based on an informed choice may be far from the truth. The influences mould people are beyond our control, it is a wrong perception based on a misplaced attitude that am acting like myself, when the reality is that the factors surrounding an individual create an experience that forms the basis of their judgments and choices (British Philosophical Association 4). The actions we demonstrate are out of our control, character formation is an aspect that is based on a myriad of factors such as environmental and genetic that is far beyond our control. The exact character developed influences what we desire that further translates to what we do. Therefore, our actions are a product of a strong inherent will within us that has no individual control, if there was a possibility an individual could act otherwise. The experiences gained in the course of life creat es a bias on the decisions made, a situation that we are unable to distinguish as unconscious. Considering the parts of the unconscious mind, it is evident that they influence every bit of a person’s being. The id is the section that seeks instant fulfillment; it touches on our instincts and primitivity. Therefore, based on the choice to be made these two factors influences the decisions we make. The choice made by a chief executive of a large corporation is based

Benefits Of Scenario Planning And Systems Thinking Business Essay

Benefits Of Scenario Planning And Systems Thinking Business Essay Scenario Planning Introduction Today, organizations are increasingly affected by the growing uncertainty from the macro-environment.. In recent years, it is very common to see some organizations suddenly get into a recession or even fall into crisis because of some changes of external factors. These companies have one thing in common, that is, they all fail to take into account the future. And now a powerful tool which used largely by businesses to solve this problem Scenario planning. It is a tool which can help organizations think about the future , grasp the trend to look for new profit growth in an uncertain future, help decision makers reshape the mental models and find the correct direction of the future.( Bill and Ian , 2008 ) In order to make us have a better understanding of scenario planning, the following issues will be discussed: Benefits of Scenario Planning, difficulties of implementing scenario planning, PEST Analysis over the period to 2030, risks and opportunities organisations will face and the action plans. Benefits of Scenario Planning Scenario planning is a tool of strategic decision-making that does not focus on accurately predicting the future, but is a process that creates a number of possible futures that are credible yet uncertain (Schoemaker, 1995). There is no doubt that companies can gain benefit from scenario planning, and here are the several strengths of scenario planning. Systems thinking By using the scenario planning manager can have a systems thinking. Like smart chess players always think clearly and have a variety of possible scenarios in the next steps , the scenario planning can provide manager a preventive mechanism , before problems occur, manager can deduction the possible scenarios based on a series of logic and empirical facts through the business acumen and the immediate perception, seeing trends in the evolution of things ,shape and the impact of changing trends in the structure. (Mbalib,2007) In addition,through scenario planning, managers can use systems thinking, take into account the various factors which they think will influence the decision to make a overall well-depth analysis, and to avoid narrow personal bias. The optimal allocation of resources Using the scenario planning , companies can predict the possible future scenarios, so that managers can be more aware of the external environment and their companys status and future directions therefore they can match internal resources to external environment to allocate the resources more effective and rational. Risk Reduction: Scenario planning help us understand today better by imagining tomorrow , it is good to help organizations deal with the future uncertainties by aware of the weak signals and let them get better prepare to handle new situations to keep business alive and flourishing. Difficulties of implementing Scenario planning Scenario planning as a business tool which is aim to help organizations make right decisions, reduce risk, save time and maximum profit. Though the aims of organisations who adopt the scenario planning are the same, there are many inherent difficulties for organisations of differing sizes in implementing Scenario Planning for the first time. Usually, all the company will faced with these difficulties: Cost The costs of scenario planning really depends on the numerous variables such as the organization size, timeframe of the scenarios, teams and those partnering in the strategic planning process and methods of analysis and data collection involved in the planning process Time To make an accurate predictions of scenario is very time-consuming. Usually, scenario planning could take around 6 to 12 months for some organizations engaging in depth, multi scenario planning. Data and information from different sources have to be collected and interpreted which makes scenario building even more time-consuming. Resources Scenario planning need to use various resources, in addition to money, with the propose of forming a scenario management team it need the external experts to cooperate with internal staff, whats more, it also need the companys data resources from different departments. Small companies For a small business, such as self-employed and partnerships, they generally just have a short-term plan with the goal of maximum profits, and usually make decisions relatively easy just simply focus on cost, price and output decisions. As for a small business, they has few competitors and the external business environment is relatively stable and certain which has little effect on their business. Since the first time implementing scenario planning, companies may not well aware of the real needs of the company, though they do not need a complex scenario planning, do not need to have such high sensitivity of external influences, do not need such resources, technical staff they may still spend too much time and money on it which will increase the costs of company and may not take advantage from scenario planning. Large, multinational companies With the turbulent external business environment and the increasing competition it is necessary for large, multinational companies to adopt Scenario Planning in order to survive and prosper. Although large companies have abundant resources or access to the necessary resources in terms of expertise, time and money, there are still many inherent difficulties for organisations in implementing Scenario Planning for the first time. How far ahead should organizations predict The time horizon for scenarios must be short enough to create scenarios that are probable, but long enough for us to imagine that important changes with an impact on the future business can take place. (Lindgren, M. and Bandhold, H. (2003))How long should organizations take into consider ,it is a vital issue. With the accelerated pace of world change, the further predict, the more complex. More aspect need to consider, and the predictions are less accurate. However, if the prediction of the time too close it will not achieve any effect. How many scenarios For a company it is not necessary to say that the more scenario planning the better future of the company and of course, it make no sense of the company development if company has too little scenario planning. All the scenario planning need to prepare action plans and corresponding measures, have too much scenario planning not only take times and waste money but also may increase the operational costs of the company, however, if with few scenario planning it cannot help company predict the future to avoiding the risks PEST Analysis over the period to 2030 Today, due to increasing concern for sustainable development, global economic competition and technological advances ,change is happening faster than before which increased the business uncertainty . For this reason, scenario planning has been unprecedented attention. In order to make the correct prediction of what might happen in the business environment over the period to 2030 , it is important to have an understanding of what are the key drivers of external change .The best way to do this is to monitor and analyze trends and scan the current environment. There is a particularly useful tool -PEST (Political, Economic, Social, Technological) analysis can help organization to identify the different forces. http://www.jiscinfonet.ac.uk/tools/scenario-planning/trend-analysis Political: BRICK adding new memberSouth Africa. BRICK expanded five-member bloc known as the BRICS, which groups Brazil, Russia, India, China, and, for the first time, South Africa. (Mainichi,2011) The expansion of the BRICS have a great impact in the western business environment over the period to 2030. Since BRIC countries are facing a great historical opportunity for development, their development will bring a significant impact on the global economy and global structure .According to the global economic report of Goldman Sachs: (Dreaming with BRICs: The Path to 2050), BRICs will guide the world economy in 2050 coquettish. And BRIC has been trying to expand its influence which make the western countries have to be careful to look at the next step plans of these emerging economies . In addition, more and more international investors are divide their asset allocation according to the BRIC. And ONeill, chief economist at Goldman Sachs, said the BRIC will catch-up G6 in the next 20 years. Economic Globalization It can be said that the developed countries led economic globalization as they master the worlds most advanced productivity and technology. However, according to the annual World Economic Report which published by The World Bank reported that by 2030, the global economy will grow from 35 trillion U.S. dollars in 2005 to expand to 72 trillion dollars, the share of total global output of developing countries will from the current 1 / 5 to nearly 1 / 3 and the share of the global purchasing power will occupy more than 1 / 2. Report also highlighted a general underlying trend: in the next 25 years, developing countries will be a major force in global economic growth. (Sujingxiang,2006) Over the period to 2030, with the spread of new technologies such as the Internet, developing countries will go from the periphery to the center of the world economy, and gradually grow into an important engine for global growth, however , the developed countries, the influence on globalization is weakening , some organization and workers of developed countries were impact by the developing countries, particularly in emerging economies competition. Manufacturing and other traditional industries were in trouble which increased unemployment and the downward pressure on wages.(Haoran, 2009) Social Change in consumer behavior pattern As technology developed, people gradually changed their consumption habits, staying at home, online shopping has become a way of life that are interested by Internet users. The eMarketer estimates that over 68% of UK web users ages 14 and older will buy online at least once per month in 2011-a total of more than 27 million people. It estimated that between 2009 and 2014 he size of the UK online shoppers will continues to grow, penetration rate of online shopping users in 2014 will reach 71.1%. And the UK online shoppers will continue to increase in the future. http://www.emarketer.com/Report.aspx?code=emarketer_2000779 Since more and more people prefer online shopping and the number of people seems keep increasing, it can be said the online shopping represent the future direction of business. Face with this huge online consumer groups, organizations should seize the opportunity to develop the online shopping channels. However, The online shopping will change the business environment over the period to 2030. It will change the competitive basis and competitive approach among the organizations. E-commerce is information-based, the level of the access to information determine the market competitiveness of organizations . Technological Web 4.0 is transforming the Internet landscape according to Spivaks predictions, by the year of 2031 the next generation of internetWeb 4.0 will appear which further convergence of the online and physical world http://www.zmogo.com/web/web-40trip-down-the-rabbit-hole-or-brave-new-world/ Technology innovation will also influence the business environment during the period of now to 2030, With Web 4.0 which increase speeds and bandwidth, coupled with high-speed wireless access will enable information exchange on an unprecedented level. Risks Competition: The expansion of the BRICS and the increasing globalization will lead to more competitors from developing countries such as China and India. Similarly, with the increasing number of Internet users and network development, e-commerce appears which changes the business environment, reducing the trade entry barriers, blurred industry boundaries and expanding the scope for competition. Information management The improvement of network technology will allows us to enter an information age, as the network is free and open which will make the global information more transparent, everyone can master the competitors product information and marketing dynamics. Opportunities E-commerce E-commerce can significantly reduce inventory costs. Compared with the traditional commerce, E-commerce with high speed and fewer links, whats more, it does not have pressure on inventory, a well-run electronic store can even be zero inventory, no bear any pressure on the stock which will save a considerable costs. Internet Over the past 20 years the revolution of Internet has changed business model, and similarly, in the next 20 years, the networks development will bring new opportunities to the organization. With increasing speeds and bandwidth, coupled with high-speed wireless access will enable information exchange on an unprecedented level organizations can use business information effectively to fully serve their customers and attract more customers. Whats more, they can also open up international markets and change production environment in order to gain more profits. Action plans Since We have listed the key factors of the changes of macro environment in the next 20 years and also found out the opportunities and risks which company may experience in the future .In order to survive and make the company prosperous, companies should make some corresponding countermeasures. Improve management systems With the next generation of internetWeb 4.0 appears and the increasing online shoppers , organizations should improve their management systems in order to catch the pace of business. Organization can adopt the commodity cloud computing and during the production process , using the computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD / CAM) based on the management information systems (MIS) to establish the computer integrated manufacturing system (CIMS).Using these new manage methods to combine the production technology and information technology together and to upgrade the traditional mode of management system. (Shizhenxi,2010) Focus on global strategy It can be said that with the economic globalization, the increasing integration of world economy is becoming an unstoppable trend, the world is entering an era of borderless competition. Only focus on the domestic market is not enough, organization should develop foreign markets. Organization should develop and allocate resources in global in order to survive and prosper in the future.Organization can gradually develop and allocate the capital, labor, technology, resource from domestic to global. Distribute the capital according to different regions to reduce financial risks, establish appropriate technology development centre in different regions to gain the local advantage in order to enhance their technology competitiveness . Conclusion Lindgren, M. and Bandhold, H. (2003) Scenario Planning; The Link Between Future and Strategy. Basingstoke, Palgrave MacMillan. (pg53) Scenario Planning Handbook Bill Ralston)à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã…  Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¨Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…  (Ian Wilson2008 http://product.china-pub.com/826843ref=browse 2007, http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E6%83%85%E6%99%AF%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92 http://www.jiscinfonet.ac.uk/tools/scenario-planning/trend-analysis (Mainichi,2011) http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/business/news/20110414p2g00m0bu044000c.html (Sujingxiang,2006) http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2006-12/22/content_5518332.htm (Haoran, 2009) http://www.zh09.com/lunwen/jjx/gjjj/200912/373158.html (à ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃ… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ §Ã‚ Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¥Ã…’-à §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™) 14 Web 4.0,Trip Down the Rabbit Hole or Brave New World?, zmogo.com: http://www.zmogo.com/web/web-40trip-down-the-rabbit-hole-or-brave-new-world. Accessed 7th June 2009. (Shizhenxi,2010) http://www.fenghuang163.com/blog/article/327.html http://www.chinact.org.cn/Html/200672714031-1.html http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=192147837462567 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_65e8dd750100ny4h.html(à ¥Ã‚ Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¢) Schoemaker, P.J.H. and van der Heijden K. (1992) Integrating Scenarios into Strategic Planning at Royal Dutch/Shell, Planning Review. Vol. 20 (3): pp.41-46.

all about me :: essays research papers

All about me My interactions with others are affected by my physical self in many ways. For as long as I can remember I have had a very difficult childhood. In my life I have had only my mother. A week before I was born my father left my mother for some other woman. At the age of eleven I started to slit my wrists. Later on in life I learned, that the reason that I was did this was try to get the attention of everyone around me. This only ended up with me getting admitted into the mental word. After my mother paid an abundant amount of money for me to see many counselors she gave up. My life went on. I started to pierce myself because I was not getting the attention from my wrist slitting anymore. When I turned thirteen I got grounded for six months. My mother found out that I had pierced my tongue. Year after year every time that my mother and I got into a fight, I would lock myself into my room and pierce myself. Now that you know somewhat of my back ground you can now see that my physical self interrupts with my interactions with others. Middle school and high school was very difficult for me. I was always categorized as a freak, Goth, or Satan worshiper. I did not wish to be categorized in any of those groups. Over the years I have been turned away by many people. They think that I am a freak and that I will cast a spell on them or something. At lunch time, I would be the kid who sat all the way at the last table. I would sit all the way in one of the corners on the edge of the table. I remember this one time at lunch in 9th grade this girl threw something at me because she did not like my shirt. I cried the whole bus ride home. I did not understand why someone would do that to some one. I did not talk to no one. I also have even been turned away from all sorts of jobs. For example, last month I went to Salisbury Chevrolet and talked to the owner of the shop. He told me that I would be an ideal employee, but I have to get rid of all of my piercings.

MUDs, MOOs, and Society :: Technology Society Technological Papers

MUDs, MOOs, and Society INTRODUCTION Imagine a place where one can encounter strange creatures that are part human and part animal. Imagine a place where human beings have the ability to destroy and create things with just a flick of a finger. Imagine a place where people from all over the world come together at all times of the day and night to talk about attacking the evil overlord to free their kingdom. Imagine a place where people can meet and talk without ever seeing the other but still create a world or an academic project. This place is found in the endless void that is called the internet. This place has two names: MOO and MUD. These virtual places create many different worlds, have different purposes, and allow different actions by the user. Essentially, these MUDs and MOOs allow many people to be whatever they want and do whatever they want. This concept alone open up many issues that may and will affect a society that increasingly connects RL (real life) to the VL (virtual life). In analyzing this technology, MUDs, MOOs, etc. are essentially online societies. Therefore, it is subjected to nearly all the issues that RL (real life) society is subjected to. People are people regardless if they interact face to face, over the telephone, or in the virtual realm. The only difference is the physicality of the parties involved. By no means is this difference to be taken lightly because physicality of parties does and will affect the interaction of everyone involved. However, humanity still reacts, emotes, feels, and communicates regardless of time, space, or dimension. All of these issues will be addressed through analyzing what the technology is, the types of literacy necessary to be involved with this technology, and the ethical issues bred out of this technology. TARGET TECHNOLOGY Description Cowan defines a MUD as a "†¦multi-user domain, multi-user dungeon, or multi-user dimension, all of which are referring to the same thing, an environment where multiple people may be logged on and interacting with one another." This environment creates a society much like any other RL society. The only "real" prerequisite is to be a part of these online societies is to have a computer with an internet connection. Once entered in the MUD/MOO domain, prompts will appear asking for your real name, email address, the sex of the character to be playing, and a password for logging in.

Climate Council

Climate Council The organisation chosen is Climate Council, which has made great part in doing study on the clime alteration to the populace. Climate council is non-profit organisation set up to go on to register studies to the populace to do them be cognizant of the clime alteration state of affairs at the present.Introduction of Climate CouncilClimate Council is an Australian non-profit organisation ( NGO ) , which is established to supply a better image and manner for the populace to acquire to cognize facts of clime alterations. Till now, the NGO is funded by contributions from public. At first, Climate Council is named as Australian Climate Commission, launched by the former opinion party Labor Party in 2011 as an independent consultative group to register studies to the populace on clime alteration. After the new party came into force in 2013, the Climate Council is dismissed for avoiding duplicate of services. But thanks to the state of affairss that many people are appealing to the reinstate ment of Climate Council both in world and online, the Climate Council was set up in 2013 by Tim Flannery, a former head commissioner of the Climate Commission. And harmonizing to Flannery, the council members are working pro bono. Till now, Climate Council is running based on people’s contribution. And the head director has promised that people could donate, but they could ne'er impact their independency and credibleness by contribution ( Guardian, 2013 ) .Valuess of Climate CouncilHarmonizing to Smith and Gruber ( 2006 ) , throughout the history of Earth, clime alteration is a immense job at the present. The job is non whether clime alteration exists, but when, where and how much serious clime alteration is at the minute ( Bulkeley & A ; Betsill, 2002 ) . The first value of Climate Council is consciousness of clime alteration state of affairs and its influence by the populace. Climate Council is set up by the Labor Party once more to assist the populace to be cognizant of the state of affairs of clime alteration and the influences clime alterations would hold on people’s life. At first it was dumped by the authorities governments, but as public is appealing to the Climate Council extremely both online and in world, Climate Council is established once more for the interest of the populace. As ideas of the populace is developing, clime alterations is more and more serious and the populace is more cognizant of the influences brought approximately by clime alterations, the populace would love to cognize more about the current state of affairs of the clime alteration and its consequence on different facets of our life. Furthermore, to cognize more about the society and universe people are populating in is an equal right for all the people. In Australia, people’s consciousness of clime alteration is developing and people would make more to assist the lone Earth to be a better topographic point for people and their coevalss to populate. Therefore, people’s consciousness of the state of affairs of clime alteration and its consequence is a basic right for the people populating in Australia. That is to state, Climate Council is making a great occupation in recognizing people’s right of consciousness, as a non-profit organisation. What is more, when people know more about the consequence brought approximately by clime alterations, people would make more to cut down green-house gases, cut down pollution and assist the Earth to be a more comfy and sustainable topographic point for their coevalss to populate, which is a win-win motion. Second, its value is non-profit. Before 2011, Climate Council is a portion of Australian authorities and their staff get paid by the revenue enhancement of the people. After 2013, Climate Council is a non-profit organisation. Non-profit organisation is a sort of organisation which does non concentrate on profitable industry, and stress on public personal businesss to better public public assistance, such as instruction, human rights, environment and so on. Non-profit organisation is the sort of organisation reflecting people’s consciousness of attention, love and part. The staff in Climate Council is now working pro bono, which is worthy of regard from foreigners. And their good religion should be spoken extremely of. Third, its value is independency. Till now, Climate Council gets contributions from the populace. But the current job is that the fund is non a stable flow of fund, but a flexible one, which would non be a good pick for a long-run run. As a consequence, the main executive of Climate Council is looking for a stable and large company or several investors to corporate. With the long-run stable fund, they might make better on their research and study on clime alteration. But here comes another job which is that its independency may be affected by the largest investors. But the main executive has stated that they will remain independency and will non be affected by any other 3rd party ( Guardian, 2013 ) . Fourthly, its value is credibleness. The credibleness of Climate Council is an indispensable component to the consciousness of people. Peoples would make as they suggested to assist the universe to be a better topographic point, which means that the study people’s action is based on should be trusting. Since Climate Council is a 3rd party funded by contribution from the populace, its non-profit characteristic would assist Climate Council to be more creditable when doing studies on clime alteration to the populace. Since Climate Council is set up, non intend for money but meant to make more to assist the populace to acquire to cognize the clime alterations and its consequence so as to assist cut down the release of green-house gases, the credibleness of Climate Council is made certain. What is more, when Climate Council would acquire contributions from some certain companies or groups for stable and long-run undertaking, the head director has promised that the study of the inst itute would remain creditable and will non be affected by any other 3rd party. The statement of the main executive makes certain that the people could swear the study of Climate Council and so do some actions and motions towards the jobs it refers to or harmonizing to some suggestions Climate Council has made in those studies ( Guardian, 2013 ) . I agree to the full on the values of Climate Council, which are warrant of people’s rights of consciousness of clime alteration and its side effects, non-profit, independency and credibleness. The rights of people’s consciousness is portion of human rights, which is pulling more and more attending on the international universe. As an institute of appealing to people to protect the environment, non-profit shows their purpose is environmental protection. Independence and credibleness make sure that the study of Climate Council is trusting and people could do reactions harmonizing to the studies. As a consequence, I am to the full for the above mentioned four values of Climate Council.Interests of Climate CouncilThe involvements of Climate Council would be divided into three parts. First of wholly, from the position of capital, since the institute is non-profit and all the fund it receives would be used on the study of clime alteration, as a effect, the institute will non acquire capital as net incomes. And because the staff are working pro bono, the staff themselves will non acquire a big amount of money as payment. As a consequence, both the institute and its staff will non acquire money as involvements. Second, the involvements of the institute and staff are non-profit and for the public assistance and involvements of the populace. The public’s right of consciousness of clime alteration and its side effects to their life criterions would be served and guaranteed. Third, the involvements of the institute are for the interest the Earth and all the people populating on it. Because when people find out the current serious state of affairs of clime alteration and its side consequence to their life criterions and the Earth, the protection of the clime and the Earth would be enhanced. As a consequence, the Earth would be protected and the life criterions and wellness of people and their coevalss would be guaranteed. As a effect, the whole involvements of Climate Council would be for the involvements of all Australians, all the human existences and the Earth. I am extremely for their high consciousness of part. To do it more practical than a promise, I would propose Climate Council would put up a promotion system to hold all their contributions and costs known by the populace, as many non-profit organisations do. This action would do its studies more independent, trusting and dependable.Advocacy Positions.From the studies of Climate Council, the protagonism place it takes is that human existences should take duty of clime alteration due to factory pollution, coal combustion and other industrial actions, merely as Susan ( 2009 ) has wrote in her book. And it has stand for animate beings that animate beings are non the chief grounds for clime alteration, merely the same with Steinfeld’s point of position ( 2006 ) . What is more, natural catastrophe is non chief cause for clime alteration, ei ther ( Climate Council Report, 2014 ) . There are two facets of its protagonism place Climate Council stands for. On the one manus, its protagonism place could be that the rights of Australians to hold a better apprehension of clime alteration and its bad effects to human being’s life could be realized and guaranteed. On the other manus, one time the public get a better apprehension of clime alteration and its side effects, Australians would make their best to protect the environment, tonss of runs would be launched to cut down the release of green-house gases, such as C dioxide and so on. After people’s consciousness has been aroused and motion has been made to better the quality of environment, a better topographic point for life could be looked frontward to in the close hereafter. To sum up, the protagonism place of Climate Council is people’s consciousness and the environment protection. On the one manus, the consciousness of clime alteration and its side effects could be get by the pubic, which is besides their right to hold a better apprehension of the continent they are populating on. On the other manus, the Earth would be protected in a more effectual and efficient manner. In the terminal, the concluding purpose of Climate Council would be realized. 5. Use of Science The usage of scientific discipline could be divided into two parts, one is that Climate Council is utilizing scientific discipline to distribute their thought of environment protection and the other is that people could utilize scientific discipline power to construct a better universe with less pollution, as what Americans ballot for ( National Research Council, 2010 ) . Because of the development of computing machines, laptops, smart phones, web sites and other on-line societal webs, Climate Council could be small to distribute their study and environmental positions to other people online. From the studies, one can state that people are reading and distributing the studies through Tweet, its official web and other societal webs. In this means, more people could acquire to their clime studies with no fees attached. In the study â€Å"Be prepared: clime alteration and NSW bushfire threat† , statistics and economic statistics are used throughout the study, such as â€Å" in 2013, bushfires in January and October burnt 768,000 hectares of land and destroyed 279 homes† , â€Å"total economic costs of NSW bushfires in 2014 are projected to be $ 43 million† ( Climate Council Report, 2014 ) and so on. Thankss to science development, statistics could be used to depict the influence of bushfire and clime alteration in a specific manner. Peoples would be moved by the particular and big figure of losingss, which would elicit their willingness to protect the Earth female parent. In the study named â€Å"Your forenoon caffeine hit is at risk† ( Climate Council Report, 2014 ) , picture is used to show their thoughts, which is a field, graphic manner for audience to detect, besides thanks to the development of scientific discipline. In the study related to coastal flood menace ( Brisbane Times, 2014 ) , thanks to the power of scientific discipline, scientists would acquire to cognize the grounds doing coastal flood menace and would supply ways to work out the job scientifically. In another study named â€Å"Solar: people’s choice† ( Climate Council Report, 2014 ) , scientific discipline development aid people to utilize solar power as a agency to warm their bath H2O and room. The clean and natural resources could non be turned into power for human existences to utilize without the aid of extremely developed engineering and scientific discipline. Science could assist the universe to cut down pollution and do a more comfy topographic point to populate. About usage of scientific discipline by Climate Council, I would propose that more work could be done. For illustration, I find out that people would love to portion a picture study made by Climate Council instead than a written version. As a effect, Climate Council could do more video study to better their influence. After all, their purpose is to do more and more people get entree to the clime studies and know the study content which would elicit their purpose to protect the environment and the continent they are populating on.DecisionAs for values of Climate Council, I speak extremely of its four values, which are warrant of rights of people’s consciousness of clime alteration and its side effects, non-profit, independency and credibleness. As to involvements of Climate Council, I would state that, the institute is working for the public assistance of the populace of Australian, even people throughout the universe. It would be better if they have their contributions and cos ts known to public. With respect to its protagonism place, Climate Council is working to protect environment in the terminal. About the usage of scientific discipline, they could utilize video more when distributing the studies to do more people get entree to the studies. Mentions Bulkeley, H. & A ; Betsill, M. ( 2002 ) .Cities and Climate Change. London ; New York: Routledge. National Research Council. ( 2010 ) .America ‘s Climate Choices: Panel on Advancing the Science of Climate Change.Washington, D.C. : The National Academies Press. Smith, T. M. , Yin, X. & A ; Gruber, A. ( 2006 ) . Variations in one-year planetary precipitation ( 1979–2004 ) , based on the Global Precipitation Climatology Project 2.5 ° analysis.Geophysical Research Letters, 33 ( 6 ) . Solomon, S. , Plattner, G. K. , Knutti, R. & A ; Friedlingstein, P. , ( 2009 ) . Irreversible clime alteration due to carbon dioxide emanations.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106 ( 6 ) . Steinfeld, H. , Gerber, P. , Wassenaar, T. , Castel, V. , Rosales, M. & A ; C. de Haan. ( 2006 ) . Livestock ‘s Long Shadow: Environment Issues and Options. Climate Council. ( 2014 ) . Be prepared: clime alteration and the NSW Bushfire Threat, retrieved Oct 28Thursday, 2014 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.climatecouncil.org.au/be-prepared-climate-change-and-the-nsw-bushfire-threat Climate Council. ( 2014 ) . Your forenoon caffeine hit is at hazard, retrieved on Oct 26Thursday, 2014 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.climatecouncil.org.au/your-morning-caffeine-hit-is-at-risk Climate Council. ( 2014 ) . Solar: the people’s pick, retrieved on Oct 26Thursday, 2014 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.climatecouncil.org.au/solar-the-people-s-choice Hannam, P. ( 2014 ) . Coastal flood menace rises, says Climate Council,Brisbane Times,retrieved on Oct 26Thursday, 2014 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.brisbanetimes.com.au/environment/climate-change/coastal-inundation-threat-rises-says-climate-council-20140916-10hqe6.html Milman, O. ( 2013 ) . Climate council faces ‘titantic struggle’ , says Tim Flannery,The Guardian,retrieved on Oct 26Thursday, 2014 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/sep/24/climate-council-faces-titanic-struggle