Hip Mask Representing An Iyoba Essay Example for Free

Hip Mask Representing An Iyoba Essay The perfection of the material and the complexity of the cutting demonstrate that it was made by the selective organization of imperial ivory carvers for the lord. This choice piece is made out of ivory, iron and cooper. This piece additionally contains bits of decorated metal and expound coral carvings. The piece measurements are as followed; H. 9 3/8 x W. 5 x D. 3 1/4 in. (23. 8 x 12. 7 x 8. 3 cm). The veil is a touchy human admired representation, portraying its subject with delicately displayed highlights. This piece is confined with an exquisite headdress like hairdo and openwork neckline. The understudies were trimmed with iron metal, the brow has cut scarification marks and furthermore she is wearing groups of coral dabs beneath the jawline. In the jewelry you can see smaller than expected themes that speak to leaders of the Portuguese troopers portrayed with facial hair and streaming hair. In the crown headdress like hairdo are cut increasingly Portuguese heads substituted with figures of adapted mudfish, which represents Olokun, the Lord of the Great Waters. You can see that a portion of the accessory segment is harm or missing and this could be because of the age and delicacy of the coral. This piece is from early African craftsmanship otherwise called â€Å"Queen Mother Pendant Mask: Iyoba†. Today, you can discover this piece at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Despite the fact that pictures of ladies are uncommon this piece has come to represent the heritage of a tradition that proceeds to the current day. In a significant number of the African societies the head is a significant, incredible and emblematic piece. The head was consider to be the emblematic focus of a person’s insight, knowledge, and capacity to prevail in this world as well as to be a device to have the option to speak with profound powers in the hereditary world. In Art of History, distributed in 2011, both Professor Marilyn Stokstad and Michael W. Cothren guarantee that â€Å"one of the honorifics utilized for the lord is the â€Å"Great Head†. The head drives the body as the ruler drives the individuals. The entirety of the dedication heads incorporate portrayal of coral-beaded tops, neckbands and imperial outfit. Coral, encasing the head and showed on the body, is as yet a definitive image of the oba’s force and authority. † In an article named â€Å"Iyoba Idia: The Hidden Oba Of Benin† distributed in 2006, issue 9 of Jenda: A Journal Of Culture And African Women Studies Nkiru Nzegwu composed â€Å"Iron and copper embeds were installed in these depressions in the first model and framed piece of the embellishment. Some have guaranteed that these holes were containers for implanted mysterious elixirs, and there is a chronicled clarification for them. The striations were the aftereffect of entry points a nearby specialist seer made to distort Idia and render her ugly to Oba Ozolua. As described by the present Oba Erediauwa, Idias guardians didn't wish her to turn into an Obas spouse, and the prophet they counseled prompted that they damage her magnificence to make her monstrous to the Oba (Kaplan 1993, 59). The two entry points scarred her face as well as, to make confirmation twofold sure, they likewise contained intense therapeutic mixtures which the counseling doctor soothsayer had guaranteed them would repulse Oba Ozolua. The imperial clarification is that the arrangement fizzled on the grounds that the Oba detected that something wasn't right before he even observed Idia and immediately killed the impacts of the medication. † This is a pendant or adornment veil that speaks to an iyoba (sovereign mother-the oba’s mother), the senior female individual from the regal court. It’s accepted that this piece was delivered in the mid sixteenth century for the King or Oba Esigie, the lord of Benin, who controlled from 1504 to 1550. This piece is to respect his mom, Idia. There are various renditions of the reason for this piece. The most widely recognized ones is this was utilized an as belt decoration and it was worn at the oba’s hip. The Oba may have worn it at customs remembering his mom, albeit today such pendants are worn at yearly functions of profound restoration and cleaning. Esigie had the help of Ida and the Portuguese fighters in the development of his realm. Ida is associated with raising a military and utilizing supernatural forces to help her child Esigie to vanquish his adversaries.

Language Modes Essay

Language expressions is the term commonly utilized by instructors to depict the educational plan territory that incorporates four methods of language: tuning in, talking, perusing, and composing. Language expressions instructing comprises an especially significant territory in educator training, since tuning in, talking, perusing, and composing penetrate the educational program; they are basic to learning and to the exhibit of learning in each substance region. Instructors are accused of directing understudies toward capability in these four language modes, which can be investigated in a few different ways. Tuning in and communicating in include oral language and are regularly alluded to as essential modes since they are procured normally in home and network situations before youngsters come to class. Perusing and composing, the composed language modes, are procured in an unexpected way. In spite of the fact that youngsters from proficient situations regularly come to class with extensive information about printed language, perusing and composing are broadly viewed as the school’s obligation and are officially instructed. An alternate method of collection the language modes is as per the preparing associated with their utilization. Talking and composing require building messages and passing on them to others through language. Hence they are â€Å"expressive† modes. Tuning in and perusing, then again, are more â€Å"receptive† modes; they include developing importance from messages that originate from others’ language. (For the individuals who are hard of hearing, visual and spatial language modesâ€watching and signingâ€replace oral language modes. At the point when one thinks about how kids learn and use language, be that as it may, these divisions become to some degree counterfeit. Whatever we mark them, all modes include correspondence and development of importance. In compelling language expressions instructing, a few modes are generally utilized in every action or set of related exercises. For instance, understudies in writing gatherings may understand writing, talk about it, and expound on it accordingly diaries. In 1976 Walter Loban distributed an investigation of the language development of 338 understudies who were seen from kindergarten through evaluation twelve. He discovered positive relationships among the four language modes both regarding how understudies created competency in each, and of how well understudies eventually utilized them. His investigation exhibited the between connections among the four language modes and impacted instructors to address and all the more completely coordinate every one of them four in study halls. Models of Language Arts Instruction Many changes in language expressions guidance have occurred in American schools since 1980. To comprehend these changes, one must be acquainted with the three essential models that have offered ascend to varieties in language expressions educational plan throughout the years: the legacy model, the capabilities model, and the procedure or understudy focused model. Each model comprises a conviction framework about the structure and substance of guidance that prompts certain instructional methodologies and strategies. The legacy model, for instance, mirrors the conviction that the reason for language expressions guidance is to transmit the qualities and customs of the way of life through the investigation of an endless supply of writing. It additionally centers around settled upon modes and classes of composing, to be aced through guided composing encounters. The abilities model, then again, radiates from the conviction that the main reason for language expressions guidance is to deliver authority of a progressive system of language-related aptitudes (especially in perusing and writing) in the student. This model promoters the educating of these abilities in a foreordained grouping, for the most part through utilization of basal perusers and evaluated language expressions reading material in which the instructional exercises mirror this direction. Most of grown-ups in this nation likely experienced basic level language expressions guidance that was situated in the abilities model, trailed by secondary school English guidance that essentially mirrored the legacy model. Guidance in both of these models relies intensely upon the utilization of sequenced educational programs, messages, and tests. The third model of language expressions guidance, the procedure model, is very unique in relation to the next two models. The educational plan isn't controlled by writings and tests; rather, this model anxieties the consolation of language forms that lead to development in the language capabilities (both composed and oral) of understudies, just as presentation to expansive substance. The interests and needs of the understudies, alongside the information and interests of the instructor, decide the particular educational plan. In this manner understanding materials, composing sorts and subjects, and conversation exercises will shift from homeroom to study hall and even from understudy to understudy inside a study hall. Authentic† evaluation is the standard in these study halls, that is, appraisal that develops from the genuine language work of the understudies instead of from formal tests. Plainly the procedure model prompts more adaptable and changed educational program and guidance than the other two models. While the legacy and capabilities models have gone under analysis for being excessively unbending and lethargic to understudy contrasts, the procedure model has been reprimanded as excessively unstructured and conflicting to reliably give all understudies adequate establishing in language substance and aptitudes. In reality, educators of language expressions by and large endeavor to enable their understudies to create capability in language use, create comprehension of their own and different societies, and experience and practice the procedures of perusing and composing. In this manner it appears that the three models are not totally unrelated. They do, be that as it may, reflect various needs and accentuations, and most instructors, schools, and additionally educational systems adjust convictions and practices fundamentally with some model. Concentrate on Outcomes From a recorded point of view, stamped moves in language expressions guidance have occurred. In the mid twentieth century, course books and doled out readings, composing assignments, and tests came to overwhelm the language expressions educational plan. Guidance was described by a lot of examination of language and writings, on the hypothesis that training in investigating language and drill in â€Å"correct† structures would lead understudies to improved utilization of language and capability in perusing, composing, and talk. Guidance was altogether instructor driven; writing and composing points were chosen by the educator; spelling, syntax, and handwriting were educated as unmistakable subjects; and composing was enthusiastically rectified yet sometimes truly educated as in structure is regularly instructed today. During the 1980s a move toward the procedure model developed in progress of numerous language expressions scholars and the distributed acts of some persuasive educators including Donald Graves, Lucy M. Calkins, and Nancie Atwell. In 1987 the National Council of Teachers of English and the Modern Language Association supported a Coalition of English Associations Conference. Instructive pioneers from all levels met up at the meeting to talk about at various times language expressions instructing and to propose bearings and objectives to direct the educating of language expressions in the years paving the way to and moving into the twenty-first century. The meeting report determined the perfect results of powerful language expressions guidance, as far as the language information, capacities, and mentalities of understudies. These results were generally process situated, as outlined by the accompanying instances of results for understudies leaving the basic evaluations, as revealed by William Teale in Stories to Grow On (1989): * They will be perusers and scholars, people who discover delight and fulfillment in perusing and composing, and who make those exercises a significant piece of their regular daily existences. * They will utilize language to get themselves as well as other people and understand their reality. As a methods for thinking about their lives, they will take part in such exercises as recounting and hearing stories, understanding books and verse, and keeping diaries. Standards to control educational program advancement developed from the gathering participants’ settled upon understudy results, and, similar to the results, the standards were expansive and process-centered. For instance, two of the first standards are: Curriculum ought to advance from a sound research information base and The language expressions educational plan ought to be student focused. Elaborations on these and other educational program objectives digressed from before suggestions in that they included study hall based ethnographic research, or activity examine, just as conventional fundamental research in the information base that advises the instructing regarding language expressions. There was additionally understanding that course readings serve best as assets for exercises, however that the best language expressions educational programs are not content driven; rather they are made by singular instructors for fluctuating networks of understudies.

What Is Gestalt Therapy

What Is Gestalt Therapy Psychotherapy Print Gestalt Therapy and Using the Present for Healing By Jodi Clarke, MA, LPC/MHSP twitter linkedin Jodi Clarke, LPC/MHSP is a licensed professional counselor and mental health service provider with over 20 years of experience in the field. Learn about our editorial policy Jodi Clarke, MA, LPC/MHSP Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on March 25, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 07, 2019 More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Does Gestalt Mean? A Different Approach Key Ideas Gestalt Exercises How It Helps View All Back To Top It can be a little intimidating to consider starting therapy, especially if you imagine yourself sitting in the therapy room talking about the past. Although revisiting the past is an important part of identifying what needs to be healed, Gestalt therapy is an approach that focuses more on the here and now experience of the client. What Does Gestalt Mean? Gestalt, by definition, refers to the form or shape of something and suggests that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. There is an emphasis on perception in this particular theory of counseling. Gestalt therapy gives attention to how we place meaning and make sense of our world and our experiences. Within Gestalt therapy, the client has space to safely explore their experiences without fear of judgment. In fact, the clients are encouraged to not simply talk about their emotions or experiences, but to bring them into the room so they can be processed in real-time with the therapist. A Different Approach Based on Gestalt psychology, this type of therapy was introduced in the 1940s to be an alternative to more traditional psychoanalysis. Gestalt therapy was developed by Fritz Perls, with the help of his wife at the time, Laura Perls. Both Fritz and Laura were trained in psychoanalysis and Gestalt psychology. Along with others, such as Paul Goodman, they worked together to develop a style of therapy that was humanistic in nature. In other words, the approach focused on the person and the uniqueness of their experience. Some therapy approaches tend to focus on the therapist as an expert on distress and symptoms. The client has more of a learning role, as the therapist shares their knowledge about what they are experiencing and how to heal. The goal of Gestalt therapy is for the client to be collaborating with the therapist to increase personal awareness and actively challenge the roadblocks that have been getting in the way of healing until now. What Is Therapeutic Rapport? Key Ideas There are a number of key principle ideas that come into play with Gestalt therapy. Experience Influences Perception In this client-centered approach to therapy, the Gestalt therapist understands that no one can be fully objective and that we are influenced by our environment and our experiences. A therapist trained in Gestalt Therapy holds space for their clients to share their truth, not imposing their judgment and accepting the truth of their clients experiences. Since therapists are human as well, it is important for Gestalt therapists to consider the influence of their own experiences on what is happening in the session. Context Matters When in session, Gestalt therapists are wanting to learn about the experience of their clients. It is understood that context matters and the therapists use techniques to help the client become more aware of their experiences, their perceptions, and their responses to events in the here and now. Rather than specifically targeting the past and asking clients to purposefully bring up old experiences, Gestalt therapists operate from a place of understanding that as clients become increasingly aware, they will overcome existing roadblocks. There is no forced work or technique, just holding space for client awareness is key in this approach. The Present The main hallmark of Gestalt therapy is the focus on the present. In the session, the client and therapist rapport is critical in building trust and safety. As the client shares, a Gestalt therapist will help bring the client back to the present if there is a sense they are spending too much time in the past or if their anxiety may be speeding them into the future. An example of keeping a client present might include something like asking about a clients facial expression or body language as they process a particular event or experience. In asking about something they are observing in the room, they are helping the client come back to the present and process what is happening for them at that moment. Staying in the present can sound deceptively simple. How hard can it be to stay present, right? Well, if you have ever found yourself worrying about work while making a grocery list, or reminiscing about a past event while sitting with your family at the dinner table, you can understand how quickly we might venture off in our minds while in a therapy session. We work very hard to survive painful experiences, and part of this survival technique is to attempt to shut down our emotional hurt or painful memory of the event. In Gestalt therapy, you are offered a space where you dont have to do that hard work anymore. This isnt to suggest that things will come up quickly, but they dont have to. A Gestalt therapist understands that things such as painful memories or events will come to awareness when the client is ready for healing in that area. Self-Awareness During Gestalt therapy, there may be some experiential exercises that you will do with your therapist. Experiential exercise refers to therapeutic activities done in therapy that can help to increase awareness and help with processing. At the heart of Gestalt therapy is awareness. As Frederick Salomon Perls put it, Awareness in itself is healing. Rather than sitting still and talking, you may be asked to actively participate in something like role play, guided imagery, or use of props to help communication and understanding. Engaging in experiential exercises can be a wonderful way to open up and share, especially when it is difficult to find words or when you tend to process in a more visual way. Gestalt therapists understand that these exercises help to increase awareness. Gestalt Exercises Words and Language The attention to language and tone is important in Gestalt therapy. As clients learn to accept responsibility, they learn to use language that reflects a sense of personal ownership rather than focusing on others. For example, rather than say, If he didnt do that I wouldnt get so mad! a client might be encouraged to say, I feel mad when he does that because it makes me feel insignificant and I dont like that. The use of I statements are important in Gestalt therapy. What Are I Feel Statements? Empty Chair This is a role-playing exercise that allows a client to imagine and participate in a conversation with another person or another part of themselves. Sitting across from the empty chair, the client enters into a dialogue as if they were speaking with that other person or that other part of themselves. Empty chair can be very helpful in drawing out important perceptions, meanings, and other information that can help clients become more aware of their emotional experience and how to start healing. Role Play Another example of role-playing might be what is referred to as top dog and underdog. In this, it is recognized that a client has different parts of self. Similar to the empty chair, the client speaks as both the top dog, which is the more demanding side of their personality and the underdog, which is the more submissive and obedient side of their personality. The key is to become aware of inner conflicts so that the person can better learn how to integrate these parts of self into a more complete whole. Body Language During a session, it might be noticed by a Gestalt therapist that the client is tapping their foot, wringing their hands, or making a certain facial expression. The therapist is likely to mention their observation of this and ask what is happening for the person at that moment. Incorporating language, the Gestalt therapist may even ask the client to give their foot, hands, or facial expression a voice and speak from that place. Exaggeration In addition to giving body language a voice, a Gestalt therapist may inquire about the clients body language. If it is difficult for the client to find words to put to what is happening, they may be asked to exaggerate that motion or repeat it several times in a row for a period of time during the session to draw out some of their experience in the counseling room in that moment. The client and the therapist get a chance to process emotions and how the person might have learned to disconnect their emotional experiences with their physical experiences. Locating Emotion During a session, it is common for people to talk about emotion. Talking about emotion is different than experiencing an emotion, which is what the Gestalt therapist is wanting the client to do in sessions. As a client talks about emotion, the therapist may ask them where they feel that emotion in their body. An example of this could be, a pit in my stomach, or my chest feels tight. Being able to bring the emotional experience to awareness in the body helps the client stay present and process their emotions more effectively Creative Arts Additional activities such as painting, sculpting, and drawing can also be used to help people gain awareness, stay present, and learn how to process at the moment. It is generally noted in this style that any technique that can be offered to the client, other than traditional sitting still and talking, can be quite helpful in allowing them to become more aware of themselves, their experiences, and their process of healing. How It Helps Collaborative Relationship Gestalt therapy intends for the client to gain greater awareness of their experience of being in the world. Gestalt therapists do not have a goal of changing their clients. In fact, clients are encouraged to focus on becoming more aware of themselves, staying present, and processing things in the here and now. The working, collaborative relationship between therapist and client is powerful to the healing process in Gestalt therapy. Moving Blocks It is suggested that the way we learn how to survive experiences, particularly painful experiences, is to create blocks or push things out of awareness so that we can move forward. As effective as it may seem, it can create trouble for us as we become more compartmentalized and fragmented in our sense of self and our experiences. The very techniques we once used to help ourselves become blocks to self-awareness and growth. Increasing client awareness allows for these blocks to be identified, properly challenged, and moved out of the way so we can find healing and personal growth. Personal Responsibility A key goal in Gestalt therapy is to allow clients the opportunity to own and accept their experiences. In blaming others, we lose our sense of control and become victim to the event or the other person involved in the event. Gestalt therapy encourages clients to challenge those old ways of how we may have created meaning about an experience. Learning how to accept and embrace personal responsibility is a goal of Gestalt therapy, allowing clients to gain a greater sense of control in their experiences and to learn how to better regulate their emotions and interactions with the world. Self-Regulation and Growth Gestalt therapy suggests that, inherently, people strive for self-regulation and growth. However, we sometimes develop techniques to emotionally survive unfortunate and painful experiences. Some of these techniques feel helpful in the short-term because they can help minimize our pain or distress. However, over the long-term, they leave us is more emotionally shaky places, unable to express ourselves. We may find it hard to interact with others, and difficult to learn how to effectively regulate ourselves and be whole, responsible beings. Gestalt therapy believes that, despite some of these setbacks, people are still wired for this sense of wholeness and feel distressed when we are not able to achieve it. Our distress might look like physical illness, emotional reactivity, isolation, and more. As Perls suggests, becoming aware of ourselves is healing. During our process of therapy, we can uncover and heal parts of self that have been lost for some time, discover parts of self that have not yet had an opportunity to thrive and gain a greater sense of self along the way. As we work to heal and integrate these parts of self, we can become healthy and whole individuals. The Impact of Gestalt Psychology