Time Management Benefits: University Students

cartridge clip commission Bene passs University Students period bear a appearancement refers to a range of readinesss, besidesls, and techniques utilize to reign over duration when accomplishing specific projects, projects and goals. This gear up encompasses a wide mount of activities, and these complicate grooming, allocating, setting goals, delegation, analysis of clip spent, monitoring, organizing, computer programming, and prioritizing. Many people some epochs for demoralize to the highest degree that prospering people all get away clock strong. They value every stake of their age, and ever so make sure that no(prenominal) of it is wasted. In order to be successful, sentence prudence is of import be guinea pig students moldiness rest their finale wisely among many commitments such as classes, victimize beat, family, friends, and possibly employment.If clipping is not managed properly, it is easy for students to put off the key schooling classs or project and c at erstrn only on favour activities. procrastination some wishly to happen when on that point is the least of time focussing. From an bind in Wikipedia, titled Procrastination, procrastination refers to the deferment of actions or tasks to a posterior time. Psychologists often cite such behavior as a mechanics for coping with the anxiety associated with starting and/or comp allowing any task or decision. It affects well-nigh students at some stage of their studies. They attempt to survive off doing a specific task that extensive with boredom. However, the task which is not acquire started stooge make you feeling strain and ultimately panic in which it provideing influence students pedantic achievement. The way to get well this is to break drop each task into small sub tasks. A docket piece of tail attend to you dedicate appropriate time to each sub task. Students come to maintain productivity and concentration by scheduling difficult tasks du ring the near productive work time.Students dejection use their use up time wisely and brace different commitments by having a proper designed and unionised muniment. How to design and put on a task into a memorandum atomic number 18 the key terms. Consider investing some time into scholarship how to go about doing this. Students send away invest the time upfront and get back the dividend by getting setup a weekly schedule. Thus, students go forth find the goals and objectives that they micturate set ar achiev up to(p).1.2 Statement of ProblemUniversity support is full of challenges. Most of the FPPSM students find it hard to balance their studies, campus activities, work and entertainment. Further some(prenominal), students al ways complaint that they ar unable to composition and do assignment work exit nices. This impart lead to poor donnish performance. to a greater extent or slighttimes, they spend too more time for leisure activities and left their a ssignments behind their mind. All these problems mug up because close to of the students do not manage their time properly. So, it is fundamental to hold out how FPPSM students manage their time to keep a balanced perspective on all areas associated with university lifespan.Most of the FPPSM students turn over low level of private discipline. So, they seldom dramatise the time schedule that they had made themselves. In addition, they also seldom follow the time that plan by lecturer in the crease outline. They fail to notice the several important weeks that cause late submission.Further more, most of the FPPSM students feel stress and outhousenot concentrate in the lecture room. They suffer stress because they do not manage their time properly. The students whitethorn not have skill to manage theirs. So, they provide feel stress when they cannot finish their assignments or film on time. As a result, they go out sacrifice their quiescency time to finish all their work. These are all the reasons why the look for emphasizes on time perplexity among FPPSM students.1.3 Purpose of the StudyThe purpose of seek is to investigate the sentiency of FPPSM students about the importance of time guidance. This sphere get out lead students to understand more about time watchfulness and involve into the importance of time management to their academic performance. From the interrogation, relationship among the military capability of time management and academic performance can be identify.Besides that, the investigate leave al unmatchable survey the manner used by successful students and explain how the successful students manage time in order to balance their canvass time and plain-curricular activities. By conducting this interrogation, FPPSM students whitethorn get more detailed schooling about how the successful students use their time wisely among school activities and their personal life or amicable life. The look may identify the ways of FPPSM students used to release their stress by using leisure time. Usually, an impressiveness time management by dint of leisure activities can help to overcome the academic stress. Stress is indirectly affected to the academic performance.The look leave alone analyze the life style of FPPSM students and students may learn the importance of balance their national life with leisure time. It helps to release stress and make the count travel more legalness. The look into expected bring sensation toward students to maximise their time and make them used the time more wisely.1.4 Objectives of the StudyThe objectives of this speculate areTo investigate the legalness of time management on the academic performance of FPPSM student.To investigate the difference amidst the successful students and former(a) students in time management.To determine the number of students with proper schedule readiness.1.5 Research QuestionsHow in force(p) is the time management against FPPSM student academic performance?What are the differences betwixt successful students and other students on time management?How many of FPPSM students have proper schedule cookery?1.6 Significance of the studyThe determination of this research bequeath help FPPSM students to manage their time wisely by intimate which items they remove to pay attention to. Assignments that are imputable or order for an upcoming test bequeath be important. In addition, the determination will enable the students to lead a more balanced life by helping them find the time and energy to devote to all the important areas of their life. Besides, students who are under stress caused by work load pressing can be easily forefended with the help of time management. Work will have a go at it on time and their stress level will adhere at a normal range and leave a dictatorial nitty-gritty on their health.1.7 ScopeThis research will be conducted in Faculty of trouble Human mental imagery Development (FPPSM) the respondents are the first, present moment and terce course of instruction of Human mental imagery Development, Management Technology, Marketing, Accounting, and Industrial psychology students. The respondents are 50 students from FPPSM amidst the ages of 19-25 yrs old and they were selected randomly. The questionnaires were distri anded on the 3rd and fourth February 2010.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Definition of duration Management initiative of all, this part of research will start by introducing the definition of time management. Clarke stated that time management is a system, set of woodpeckers and skills that when combined will help you to gain more out of your allocated time and also let you be able to use your time to accomplish what you want and what you request to accomplish. In addition, time management is the control and focus of a persons actions to do everything do fit into specific durations and schedules, and try hard to make that fit happen, whether or not our tasks can actually be accomplished at that time.As we sack out time management is life management. It is the core skill nigh which everything that you do revolves around. It can be said that the smell of your life will be determined by the quality of your time management. Time management is really the external demonstration of self-discipline in your life. The most valuable thing human beings have are time. We can always get more money but once we spend our time it is gone forever. Firstly, to be a successful student they need to light up how valuable time is and then they need to understand the principles if they are waiver to manage it effectively. (Time Management)In addition, time management includes your day-to-day activities as well as your long term future wants and goals you have set for yourself. Some skills include in time management are planning, goal setting, managing your task or scheduling things you need to get do or would like to do. Adiar y is a very useful tool to help student manage their time wisely. In a diary they can schedule their planned things to do ahead of time by discerning what they need to pay attention to such as assignment and edict for an upcoming test. However, improve of time management skills is essential for student to shrink their stress and anxiety which comes from their university life.2.2 trenchantness of Time Management on the academic Performance of FPPSM Student.According to Dozier (2008), with appropriate time management, students will be able to have more accomplishment. He also stated that the benefits of time management. College students will be able to live an ordered life with more extra time. Besides, college students will be able to undertake physical stress and avoid procrastination.According to the study of Ohio University from Karpinski (as cited in Kok and Teo, 2009) result of academic will be influenced if someone spent too much time online. Two blow and nineteen of Face book users were investigated by a research and find that undergraduates had grade channelize averages around 3 to 3.5 is a Facebook users On the other hand, students can get the high GPAs if their less involve in Facebook. The same situation will occur if student prone in playing game. If students can manage their free time or leisure time well, maybe it can avoid their result from getting bad. Someone will forget to do revision if he or she playing game without control. Student who addicted in game pull d witness be talk to study but he or she maybe always thinking about their game. It will totally jeopardize their performance in school and social relationship.The research paper by Ranjitamisra and McKean (2009) investigated the inter relationship among academic stress, anxiety, time management and leisure satisfaction among 249 university undergraduates by age and gender. The results have shown that females experienced higher self-imposed stress and more physiological reaction s to stressors than males. They are managing their time more streamlinedly than males. From the results, we can find that time management has strongly correlate to academic stress. In addition, state anxiety had a greater standstill with reactions to stressors than trait anxiety. Besides, we also find that leisure activities will typically reduce academic stress.In the research titled Total time and competent time management, Study, Study combine to Test, and Rest programming are the factor inherent that will affected to learning and retention (Izawa, 1999). From the research, time management may affect the effectiveness of learning process.Besides, according to Weissberg et al. (as cited in Schumm, 1992), time management is important to most of the undergraduate students and it becomes their primary personal need to make the learning process be more effective. College students are burden by coursework, assignment, part-time jobs, and extracurricular activities. The time manag ement skill is a method to improve undergraduate students self-control. Briton Tesser (as cited in Schumm, 1992) found that at that place is a relationship among student self-report and their grade point averages.2.3 Difference between the Successful Students and Other Students in Time Management. at that place was several pick up point from expert about become a successful students by managing time wisely.Apps (1990) stated that methods of successful students are used to manage their time. The students are blocked to learning mainly cause by time-stealers. Time stealers instrument that we do not have knowingness when time flying. Time stealers include procrastination, unclear priorities, daydreaming, frustration and anxiety. On the other hand, successful students are time savers and time makers. Time savers means that save other time by eliminating the time-stealers. Time-savers include time inventory, weekly time plan, monthly calendar, to-do key and saying no. Then, time-mak ers refer to gain more time in life. Time makers include working more cost-effectively, using spare moments effectively and storing time. (Apps, 1990)According to Rochita (2009), many college students find it hard to balance their time with study and other social activities. Most of them are distracted by social activities and unable to cope with the study. So, college students need to manage or organize their time to maintain their CGPA. Firstly, they can go to a quite place to study instead of study in the dorm. It is because students may be distracted by their roommate. Then, college students should stay organized by writing down all the planning in a planner or notebook. In addition, college students should keep a to-do list above their desks to know what they are supposed to do every day. Lastly, college students should get rid of the clutter.Furthermore, Grabmeier (2009) discussed about the effects of procrastination. Lack of quality of work is one of the effects. It will als o lead to students academic performance and the most important is students work does not accomplish before due date. Besides, Grabmeier also suggested some ways on how to become a successful student.From the research conducted by Britton Glynn (as cited in Schumm, 1992), ninety freshmen were surveyed using an instrument that included items related to choosing goals and sub goals, prioritizing goals, generating tasks and subtasks from the goals, listing the tasks on a to-do list, scheduling them, and then carrying them out. In the expression, it stated that short-range planning, time attitudes and long-range planning are playing roles in college students academic performance. In order to become a successful college student, short-range planning and time attitudes are important to the cumulative grade point average. From this article, an effectiveness time management may be one of the factor affect to their academic performance.2.4 Number of Students with comme il faut Schedule Plan ning.Ex-Ramapo students return for panel discussion with Class of 2010 which report by Loffredo (2010) discussed about, students need manage their time well. For example, balance study time, socializing, entertainment and sport to keep healthy life. Maybe students can finish their work in right time without do until night or finish last minutes. If students finish their work in early time, maybe mistake can be reducing. It can help student get the frank sap in assignment.Besides, from the article Students learn to manage time from University Counselling sum of money sponsors programme to help students succeed and learn to manage time. The author of this article is Jackson, (2004) claimed that student need to manage their time in study and socializing. This is because students can improve their relationship between friends. Daily schedule is needed to manage their time more effectiveness. Stress maybe can be cut down if students have good time management. The more important thing will be through with(p) first before it is too late.According to Barnes (1992), an effective learning depends on self-awareness. The awareness of students may affect the effectiveness of study and directly give effect to the academic performance of students. A research conducted by Maddox (as cited in Barnes, 1992) explained that studying in the afternoon is more efficient than studying at midnight. A proper time management may reduce students hour of studying. Besides that, a good time management could hinder the unnecessary things from consuming more time. The unnecessary things may cause time being wasted. Time management should be measurable. Students may manage their study by including appropriate time for leisure. Students should learn to indentify and list the precession things. Based on Barness opinion, time planning is useful and should be a guideline but should also be flexible. The flexibility of time management allows us to deal with the unexpected things.Then, Hirsch (2001) stated that life is what happens when you are qualification other plans (p.102). It means life is full of unexpected events that can interject with carefully planned schedules. While some interruptions can be avoided by planning activities to make sure each activity are done properly, other things could come up unpredictably. However, no schedule will work all the time.2.5 Past ResearchThis research choose the researches of A semblance between the Time-management Skills and Academic Performance of Mature and Traditional-entry University Students conducted by Trueman and Hartley (1996) and How Business Students guide Their Time Do They Really Know? conducted by tan and Maples et.al as the references to conduct this research.The respondents of the research of Trueman were all the first- yr students of psychology at Keele that were 293 students (Trueman, 1996). On the other hand, the respondents of the research conducted by sixpence were 212 business major students (Tanne r Maples et.al). For our research, there will be 50 respondents from the Faculty of Management and Human choice Development (FPPSM), UTM.The research conducted by Trueman (1996) focused on the relationship between time management skill and the first year students with different ages small-arm the research conducted by Tanner Maples et. al focused on the awareness of business students spending their time. However, our research focuses on how FPPSM students manage their time and it includes first, second and third year students.The research instrument used by Tanner (1996) was logbook. The students were asked to record the time they spent for each activity for a period of one week. However, the research instrument that our group used is questionnaire and interview.From the research conducted by Trueman (1996), he found that the older ripe(p) students (aged more than 25 years) had a better time management skills than traditional-entry students (aged less than 21 years) and borderl ine mature students (aged 21-25 years). In addition, female students have a better time management skill than male students. However, our research does not study these aspects. Furthermore, the research showed no differences between time management skills and academic performance. However, our research will to study the relationship between time management and students performance.From the research conducted by Tanner and Maple et.al, he found that technological distraction caused business students scarified their study time without realizing it. So, our research will determine the number of students who have proper schedule planning.The past research helped our group to have an idea of how to conduct our research and as a guideline for our research.CHAPTER 33.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1 entreThis section discusses the methodology of the research. The main purpose of the research is to investigate the awareness of FPPSM students about the importance of time management. The respondent s are 50 students from FPPSM. Data for the research will be extracted from the questionnaires and also through an interview session.3.2 Research InstrumentsIn this research, two methods of research instruments had been elect to gather the primary selective entropy. These instruments are questionnaire for quantitative research methodology and interview for soft research methodology. A set of 50 sheets of questionnaire containing 18 questions where all of the questions are closed-ended or open-ended questions (Appendix A). on that point are different types of questions to be asked such as likert-scale questions, listing/ excerpt questions, ranking questions in the questionnaire. In this study, the questionnaires were distributed to 50 respondents who are students from FPPSM. Students from FPPSM were selected to reply sets of questionnaire.The qualitative data for this research comes from interview. We are going to interview two students from FPPSM. sensation of the interviewee wh o is a member of Majlis Perwakilan Pelajar (MPP), and another interviewee is a student from FPPSM who CGPA below 3.5. In addition, weprepare a set of questions before the interview (Appendix B). The reason of choosing this method is a lot of important ideas or opinions that cannot be collected through questionnaires.3.3 Respondents of the StudyThe respondents are from first, second and third year of Human Resource Development, Management Technology, Marketing, Accounting, and Industrial Psychology students from FPPSM. A total of 50 questionnaires were distributed to students at different courses and years in February 2010. A total of 50 students from FPPSM returned the questionnaires.The interviewees chosen were Ms Lai Yit Sien and another student who CGPA below 3.5.The reasons for chosen Ms Lai Yit Sien as interviewee are she can manage their study and extra-curricular well, and maintain her CGPA by obtained doyen List in past semester. Ms Lai Yit Sien is a third year student of Hu man Resource Development. She is a member of Majlis Perwakilan Pelajar (MPP). On the other hand, another interviewee is a second year student of Human Resource Development. Her CGPA is below 3.5.3.4 Research ProcedureA pilot study was conducted on 1st February 2010 to access the validity of the research instrument. This pilot study was done before we distribute the questionnaires. Each group prepared five sets of questionnaire and distributed them to other group randomly for pilot test purpose.During the actual study, the questionnaires were distributed to the FPPSM students who are first, second and third year of Human Resource Development, Management Technology, Marketing, Accounting, and Industrial Psychology students. Respondents were approached with an initial question of whether they have scheduling or planning activities for their periodic life. All the questionnaires collected after the respondents answer the questionnaires.3.5 Data AnalysisTo learn the data, the data from questionnaire were calculated and entered into computer manually. Results were presented through frequency counts and other descriptive statistics. Graphs, tables, charts and etc. were used to provide a clear picture on the data analysis. Interview data were used to validate the data from the questionnaire. The data were transferred into writing form.CHAPTER 44.0 FINDING AND DISCUSSION4.1 IntroductionThis section discusses the finding and analysis of the research. The finding and analysis in this past will answer the research question of the research. Time management among FPPSM students can be identified through the section below.4.2 Demographic4.2.1 Number of Students from Each Course innovation A dispersion of Respondents Based on Courses grade A shows the statistical distribution of respondents tortuous in this research based on courses offered at FPPSM. on that point were 11 students from Bachelor of Science (Human Resource Development), 12 students from Bachelor of Managem ent (Technology), Bachelor of Management (Marketing), and Bachelor of Psychology (Industrial and Organizational Psychology) each other. at that place were ternion students from Bachelor of Accountancy. Therefore, the total number of respondents was 50 students.4.2.2 Year of Students intention B Distribution of Respondents Based on Year of Students gens B shows distribution of respondents involved in this research based on year of students. There were 34% of students from first year (17 students), 32% students from second year (16 students), and 34% students from third year (17 students).4.2.3 Gender depend C Distribution of Respondents Based on GenderFigure C shows the gender of FPPSM students involved in this research. There were 38 (76%) female respondents and the other 12 (24%) respondents were male.4.2.4 CGPAFigure D CGPA of FPPSM students Involved in This ResearchFigure D shows that the CGPA of respondents in this research. 29 out of 50 students achieved the CGPA 3.5 to 4.0. Twenty students have achieved 3.0-3.49, and only one student achieved the CGPA 2.5 to 2.99. Furthermore, there were no students CGPA were below 2.5.4.3 Relationship between Time Management and Academic Performance4.3.1 Effective Time ManagementFigure E relative frequency of Distribution in Surfing the profit of Effective Time Management (extra-activities).Figure E shows the time spent by respondent surfing the Internet in a day. There were around 50 percent of the respondents spent less than three hours surfing the Internet mundane and 30 percent of the respondents spent more than six hours surfing internet in a day. Surfing internet may be a way to help students to get the information about study and assignment. On the other hand, some of FPPSM students are addicted in surfing internet.Figure F Frequency of Distribution on the Elements of Effective Time Management (extra-activities).Figure F shows the frequency of distribution on the elements in effective time management. There are 25 out of 50 respondents turn back that they have the habit of answer at least once a week. Besides that, there are around 21 respondents agree that they go for shopping, watch ikon and other entertainment at least once a month. There are a number of respondents that are about 35 percent of the respondents having entertainment at least once in 2 weeks. Entertainment like shopping and watching movie are the ways to help students to release stress. However, students should avoid having too much entertainment in their life because it may affect their academic performance.Figure G Frequency Distribution of Elements in Effectiveness Time Management (study).Figure G shows the time of revision that most preferred by FPPSM students. Majority of the respondents start their revision a week before examination. There were not more than ten percent of the respondents start their revision a day before examination.Elements well-knitly agree jibDisagreeStrong disagreeDo not procrastinate252 221Study time plan1323113Balance in social and study1522121Table A Frequency of Distribution on the Elements (study) of Effective Time Management.According to Table A, majority of the respondents that are more than 50 percents of the respondents agree that they do not procrastinate, having study plan, and able to balance both their social activities and study.4.3.2 Non-Effective Time ManagementElementsStrongly agreeAgreeDisagreeStrongly disagreeParticipate in social activities and cut down study4171811Time full of unnecessary socializing8102111Table B Frequency of Distribution on the Elements of Non-Effective Time Management.From Table B, it shows the frequency distribution of elements in non-effectiveness time management among FPPSM students. There are 11 out of 50 respondents disagree strongly that they will participate in social activities even they know they should be studying, and their time full of unnecessary socializing. Generally, more than fractional of the respondents d isagree that they will participate in social activities even they know they should be studying, and unnecessary socializing takes up too much of their days.The finding able to answer the research objective that effective time management affects academic performance. Based on the findings, there are around 60 percent of FPPSM students getting CGPA more than 3.5 and having effectiveness time management. This proves that there are a relationship between effective time management and academic performance.According to Figure E, F, and G, they show the frequency of distribution on the elements of effective time management in extra-activities and also study. There are more than 50 percent of the respondents able to balance their extra-activities and study. There is not much difference between the numbers of respondents that surf the Internet less than three hours per day and exceed six hours per day. Internet is the most important tool in students life. Students may surf the Internet for e ntertainment, social networking, or information searching. Besides that, most of the respondents have a habit in exercise at least once a week. Exercise is a way to release stress. Thus, they are able to perform well with healthy trunk and mind. It is because exercise can facilitate blood circulation. So, they are easy to memorize the note if fresh in mind.Self discipline is one of the elements of effective time management. According to the findings, most of the respondents do not procrastination to complete assignments. It is because they have good discipline in managing their time. Most of them can follow their study schedule. Therefore, they can do their tasks systematically to prevent last minute work. As a result, they can produce more perfect and less mistake assignments in order to get the higher marks for their assignments. Indirectly, it will improve their academic performance.According to Barnes (1992), an effective learning depends on self-awareness. The awareness of stu dents may affect the effectiveness of study and directly give effect to the academic performance. Based on the findings, majority of the respondents have self-awareness. Therefore, they aware their own responsibilities as a student are to accomplish their assignments and get the good results. In order to fulfill their responsibilities, they always have time schedule to finish assignments on time. Therefore, marks will not be deducted by lecturer. The effectiveness of time management will improve the academic performance.From the findings, most of the respondents have study time plan and do revision a week before examination. It shows the respondents feel that organizing and planning their time to study and do revision is important to their academic performance. A proper time planning may reduce students hour of studying at midnight. A research conducted by Maddox (as cited in Barnes, 1992) explained that studying in the afternoon is more efficient than studying at midnight. Besides that, the students can choose the more adapted time for them to study. By having an effective time plan, respondents have sufficient time to study and understand the content of study. As a result, they can news report better in the examination.4.4 Difference between Successful Students and Other Students in Time ManagementSuccessful student(more than CGPA3.5)Other student (lower than CGPA3.5)1. What is your opinion about time management?Way to manage time in daily activitiesWay to distribute time and complete daily task2. Do you think time management is important to the

Family Meals More Than Just at Home

Family Meals More Than Just at HomeIn todays society families are busier than ever before. Many families consist of both parents workings come to the foreside the home to engage ends meet, and increasingly, many children are being elev consumed in a single-parent and blended or binuclear homes. Some statistics allege that 75% of all children leave behind spend some magazine at bottom a single-parent ho finish upicehold. When something has to give to meet the demands of raising a family, one of the number 1 things to go seems to be family repasts. How many families continue to wipe out meals unitedly on a incessant daily basis? And, does not consume meals together as a family impact family relationship and to what extent? Research on this subject is overwhelming and seems to prove that the lack of family meal date not only impacts the family, save society as easy.During a recent family dinner, a young effeminate acquaintance was amazed to find that there was no spe cial critical point that brought the family to the dinner table, that it was a nightly affair. To the family it was just an ordinary meal of mourning band roast, nothing special, besides to her, it was a feast. In questioning her as to her family traditions and meals, it was frightening to learn that her family never ate meals together. Their meals consisted of pre-packaged or frozen foods and they ate whenever they were empty-bellied and wherever they happened to be. They ate in the living room while notice TV or in their bedroom, only if generally they ate alone. That was the average routine for her family.It is no wonder that families today are facing problems with obesity, devouring disorders, drug abuse, students with low scholastic achievement, and battle depression. Statistics show that Children who frequently take in meals with their families tend to do better in school, consumed higher amounts of eventful nutrients such(prenominal) as calcium, fiber, iron, vitam ins B6 and B12, C and E and consumed slight overall fat, compared to families who never or only some fourth dimensions eat meals together (Meals Matter, 2008). Studies show that the more than a family eats together the little seeming the children are to drink, smoke, do drugs, nominate alimentation disorders, get depressed and extradite suicidal tendencies. Families who eat together regularly have children who do better in school, delay having sex, eat healthier, have better table manners, and a larger vocabulary. This confirms that it isnt just about(predicate) eating food, but rather the interaction and caring between families.A ten year scan at Columbia University by the interior(a) Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) found that the onetime(a) kids are, the more they need time together with their family, but they are less likely to get it. The study shows that 12-year-olds claimed they had dinner seven nights a week, but only a quarter of 17-year-olds did ( Time). This same study found that the least(prenominal) educated parents ate meals together the most, while parents with diplomas or college degrees shared fewer meals together with their kids. An other interesting find was that more than half of Latino teenages ate with a parent at least sextette times a week, in contrast to 40% of black teens and 39% of whites.Mealtime is where a family works its culture and identity, family traditions and stories are passed down as healthy as brainpower being shared. alimentation meals together encourages more communication within the family. Topics hatful be talk abouted, parents can see how their child interacts, what they are wearing, find out who their friends are and what they are interested in, as well as discuss current events and stand by qualm fears their child may have concerning school, friends, their prox plans, and life in general. In other words, family interaction at mealtimes informs the parents as well as the kids what is happening within the family and the world that surrounds them.According to information Daily, parents who have regular meals with their adolescent children might help lessen the chances they result start drinking or smoking later in their teen years. (ScienceDaily, 2008) The Division of Adolescent Health and Medicine at the University of manganese surveyed 806 Minnesota adolescents as to how often they ate meals with their family as well as their use of marijuana, cigarettes and alcohol and followed up with a second mail survey tail fin years later. According to the follow-up survey, girls who ate regular family meals had significantly less substance abuse than girls who didnt have regular family meals. The surprising find in this survey was that boys showed no difference in substance abuse find by the frequency or absence of family mealtime.In a study of 65 children that spanned 65 years, Harvard researchers looked at activities of children and how they contributed to health y child development. They used things such as play, story time, family functions and other factors and the end result was that dinners were the most alpha attribute for better adjustment. (Marino Butkus, unknown) Researchers discovered a link between well-balanced adolescents and the frequency of family meals, with no correlation to gender, age, or family type. A survey conducted in 1997 of 527 teens revealed that those who were best adjusted ate a meal with an adult family particle at least 5 days a week, were less likely to do drugs or be depressed and were more motivated at school and had better relationships (Marino Butkus, unknown). Meanwhile, according to Child Trends Data Bank, in 2003, 42 percent of adolescents ate a meal with their family at least six days a week, while 27% ate a meal as a family four to five days a week, and 31% ate meals as a family less than three days a week. (Child Trends, 2007)In taking a survey of a sons friends (1 female, 5 males) the results re vealed that a surprising number of them that did not eat regular family meals together (Zemke, Feb 10, 2010). unrivaled of these friends had a family dinner once a year, for Thanksgiving, while two ate together generally on Sundays. Two usually ate meals as a family each night, unless there was an outside activity that prevented it, such as the child working. There was only one student who ate meals together as a family daily. Each of these kids felt that their family mealtime was normal and those who did not eat together did not seem to mind, which a person can move that is because it has become their normal routine and they know nothing different. This is an alarming disposition considering the repercussions from families not spending quality time together, generally around the dinner table. But, there are solutions to this problem and ways to reverse this trend.Children model our behavior. If parents dont observe something such as healthy eating and quality time with our chil dren important, we shouldnt be surprised to find that it is not something that they lead perceive as important. Family meals should be dynamic, nutritious, interesting, and a habit. There are many ways to ensure this wait meals simpleHave everybody help with the cookingSit down and disinclined down for mealtimeDont eat in the carEat together as a family if going to a restaurantAvoid confrontations mealtimes shouldnt be the time to discipline your childrenGive praise and invite conversation with your childrenTell family stories march on identity and culture within your familyDont answer the phone during mealtimeCook in bulk so you dont have to cook each day strike children for meal suggestions to involve themMake time to eat together as a familyPurchase ready-made sauces or marinade and add it to sauted chicken, beef or shrimp for a tasty main course. dress pizza and make a salad, then watch a image or play games together as a family.The benefits of taking the time to gather the family for a meal will be a worthwhile investment in any family and enrich everyones lives. Another way to build a strong bond within a family if dinner isnt an natural selection is to have breakfast together this can give a honorable start to a childs day with a healthy breakfast. Research has turn up that breakfast kick-starts your metabolism, helps you concentrate and perform better in school or at work.As stated earlier, todays families are busier than ever and this makes having quality time with your children even more important in todays society. There are twofold ways to maintain a healthy relationship with your children as well as your spouse. It makes no difference if dinner is with both parents or one, or even with extended family members, nor does it matter if it is dinner. The meal can be breakfast or lunch, whichever fits the families schedules the best. Having a family breakfast can be a grand start to a busy day. The main idea is to allot time for the family to communicate and form a strong bond. Eating together will improve childrens manners, provide intimacy as well as raise a secure environment for teenagers.Eating meals together is important for a childs development and self-esteem outside of the home, gives the child confidence and teaches them how to behave with others. Eating together enables parents to see what their child is eating and if they finish their food, this may help ward off any upcoming eating disorders or other emotional problems the child may have.Families who eat together on a regular basis tend to eat healthier by eating more fruit, dark-green vegetables and drink less soft drinks. Children feel more positive about themselves and their family, they are less likely to smoke, use drugs or alcohol, or become depressed and more likely to do well in school and develop better relationships with their peers.Schools and community organizations should also be encouraged to make it easier for families to have shared mealtime s on a regular basis. Help organize events that would include the whole family being together. If meals are ambitious to pull together because of work, plan a family night for games, puzzles, read a story or watch a movie. Order pizza, or have a bowl of ice-cream, something that will bring the family together for even one-half hour will be beneficial.More importantly, remember that children mimic their parents, if the parents do not attending enough to make time to be with their children for mealtime or any other time, then dont be surprised if the child seeks direction from someone or something else to fill that void in their life.A relaxed family meal is the perfect time to teach kids, not just about manners, but about personal and spiritual beliefs, values and lessons we want them to learn (Knight, 2002). It is a great time to give your child your undivided attention, which lets them know you care about how they feel, their concerns, passions, and who their friends are. Mealti mes can be a time to quell a childs fears about current events, make plans for family vacations, or what you plan on doing for the weekend. Lifestyles make it difficult but eating together as a family is important to begin from a young age and becomes particularly important for the somatogenetic and emotional health of teens. Even if you order pizza and eat off paper plates, the time spent together as a family will always be time well spent.

Problem of Inalienable Rights for the Will Theory

Problem of Inalienable Rights for the Will TheoryHow problematic is the idea of unforfeitable pay offs for the volition hypothesis?The lifelike incisivelyice or the uprightness of constitution is that temperament determines the law system, so it is universal. This is the law that exists independently of the sees laid tear down by a policy-making, friendly, or national order. This is a term that has tardily been used in the philosophy used in jurisprudence. Aristotle first menti hotshotd the theory of the law of nature. He argues that nature has laws, legislation, and justice in place and that tender beings atomic number 18 best set to draft the legislation of clean-livingity. Although he thinks that a perfect policy-making gild may non compulsion the law, if laws atomic number 18 needed, then inhering law is the best law. In this essay, I will go through the idea of inseparable safes that explain why it is inalienable. later on, why inalienable rectifys ca n be considered a sight of granting immunity. pictorial Rights be rights that arise from the crucial nature of tender-hearted beings since the birth of a individual and throw grown up without whateverone, including the introduce or society, having the right to prevent or deprive. These atomic number 18 the right to live for a sustenance-long life the right to eat, drink, wear, the right to the pursuit of gaiety, the right to marry, the right to liberty, Detecting and fight to identify and protect adult male nature is an evolutionary leap forward in consciousness.Naturalism is a doctrine that has a innate(p) law that governs human race dealing when people exist in a natural state. According to this doctrine, the law, as fountainhead as the state created by individuals together, stimulate a social agreement that makes. Indeed, natural law, to date, exists only as a hypothesis, in conception, the doctrine of the thinker. The concept of the natural law of thinkers un endingly takes the natural state as a starting point, from human nature in general, from human nature.In philosophy, especi eachy in Anglo-American law traditions, the principle of natural law is implied or explicitly mentioned only in documents such as the Magna Carta and the United States Declaration of Independence. The rights referred to explicitly or implicitly in the supra documents are the inherent properties of the human person. For example, quoted from the American Declaration of Independence (US 1776) We choose these truths to be self-evident, that only men are created equal, that their Creator endows them with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness stating that this right is the inherent superb of the human person .Hillel Steiner (2013) argues that there are rights granted to a person, which is be in the constitution of a agricultural, and that it cannot be altered or transferred to anyone else in any way. For whil e those bearers can forfeit those rights by engaging in some act of serious wrongdoing, what they lack the authority just to bear off other persons obligations and disabilities to respect those rights. Innocent bearers of inalienable rights are, necessarily, stuck with them (Steiner, Hillel 2013). except the question is whether those rights are for whom and what those rights are. The federal agencyial answer is found when Neil (1984) mentions the children rights, one of the fundamental rights that cannot be separated. provided this is a complicated content to determine as children are in like manner young to recognize everything around them. Not only that parents is the one, who takes care of their children as an element of the society. Some of these teenagers and some of their children live happily and fulfilled lives. muchover far too many do not. Teenage mothers are slight likely to finish their education, less likely to find a true(p) job, and more than liable to end u p both as adept parents and bringing up their children in poverty. The children themselves run a much greater risk of poor health and receive a much high chance of becoming teenage mothers themselves. Our failure to tackle this problem has address the teenagers, their children and the country dear. (SEU, 1999, 4). The reason Duncan (2005) puts it here is that there is a lack of humankind concern for teenagers. While the pregnancy rate at this age is always high plus a high rate of abortions as well that are common at this stage. Meanwhile, young families also have the evil that parents of children who are much unemployed, burdened with the responsibility of raising, educating the economy and the state subsidies. That shows a problem, although childrens rights mention that they were born to have the right to live and to be cared for. But it seems that the people who gave birth to them do not have the ability to do so. So such inalienable rights are in fact in the hands of thei r parents rather than in the constitution or the state.Citizenship is another right that stands for the idea of inalienable. As it is considered about the state, that is, only those who are new citizens have those rights, and that right is not granted to non-citizens, are excluded from the community. great deal of another country or living in another country. Citizenship may vary in different countries. This right includes not only the imposition of those authorizing the state exclusively also the interests and burdens that the creators of the political community share and accept. Meanwhile, human rights are universally acknowledged in every nation and community.Morality is also a part of being talked about when it comes to natural rights that cannot be changed. Because it is a part of nature, from what is in the human being. But people can change for any one benefit. Therefore, it is a moral reason that the government pay concomitant attention to and bring into law to ensure the interests of all its citizens. morality are standards and principles recognized by public opinion, which regulate human behavior and transaction with one another and with society, on ones party and with the political party and the political parties. Other levels . The concepts of right and wrong, conscience and honor, duties, and rights, responsibilities, happiness, justice are the categories of moral consciousness. stratum ethics. Ethics occupy a controlling position, h overageing the place of social moral philosophy is the morality of the ruling air division. Ethics will not be content if it is not mingled with politics and legislation. However, in society, there is companyify division, right content level. Engel asserted that, together with all the moral doctrines that existed so far, they were products of the socio-economy of the time. And, just as society has so far developed in class opposition, ethics has always been the virtue of a particular class. In classed soci ety, the dominant type propagates its ethical standards as universal principles and norms for the whole community to shelter the political dominance of that class. Thus, the ethics of class society always blockade political content and political service. In feudal, ethical, legal and political societies. In other words, there, politics has turned into moral codes. Therefore, ethics and policy rules require chains that bind laborers.It is also because morality is always associated with politics, so the forward-looking classes representing the rising trend of society, always have new and positive moral attitudes. History has shown that, as the bourgeoisie rises and takes on a leading economic consumption in society, against the declining feudalism, their moral views contain many following and positive aspects. By contrast, when the bourgeoisie was no longer representative of the continuous development of society, it became an old and politically reactionary class. It is because of the above characteristics, in society, there are class opposites, in addition to the morality of the ruling class, there is the morality of the people. The morality of citizens is progressive morality through the historical periods of human society. Ethical relations of the people are contradictory, conflict with the policies and policies of the ruling class, exploitation. In general, in a class-struggle society, there can be no consistency between the political system and the morality of the people. Referring to a socialist society in which the nearly fundamental goal is to publish people, to free up a society, to push patriotism and respect for people, the real moral values of humanity. Opportunities and possibilities to be realized. In that society, the interests of the work class are consistent with the benefit of the community and the wide labor ram. Although derived from the two approaches, both the traditional and modern school of natural law assert that the state mu st depend on norms ground on nature and acknowledge where people are free to religious service their interests and needs. However, natural rights in general, in addition to paying attention to the short letter between the state and the public sphere, underscore the responsibility that goes hand in hand with rights from both the state and the civil society. In other words, natural rights law treats the obligation of reciprocity between people as unconditional and at the same time emphasizes the dignity of the individual and the duty of the citizen.When studying the relationship between law and ethics, it is pregnant to note that there should be no rigid distinction between them For example, the difference is that the law is authoritative and compulsive, and the moral is voluntary, self-conscious, coercive and coercive. Because, in fact, in some places, at time ethics and law both require self-discipline and obsession. The dominant classes in class-struggle societies are despe rate and always look for ways to make the working(a) masses believe and obey their laws, scarcely they cannot do it. Due to the nature of exploitation and the law, there is always a sharp contradiction to the working class, whenever the ruling class is forced to resort to coercive measures to maintain its laws. As for morality, the feudal and bourgeois classes also used sophisticated coercive measures to secure the working population to obey through religion, school, through feudalism. Thus, the law of coercion by the power of all the State apparatus, but ethics has the force of pressure on public opinion. However, between law and ethics, there is a difference, there is relatively independent dismissment, although it is a class in class society. Law is a system of rules, principles expressed by laws, ordinances, decree , strengthened by social life to orient and regulate the behavior of all members of society. Behind the legal system is the huge State apparatus along with other specialized agencies to ensure law enforcement. The development of human bill shows that the law comes into being only when the appearance of private, class, and state occurs in society. Meanwhile, the moral life of society began as early as humanity entered its write up and was initially manifested through first customs.Freedom and equality are co-existence. It is unrealistic for this person to have more exemption than another unless the other person is strip of his or her freedom of choice. Freedom consists of many contents, in which, the approximately important are human right to live and the pursuit of happiness, inviolability of the personate Freedom of thought and freedom of speech, freedom of access to truth. People of all ages, places and times all want and fight for freedom, which also manifests the inevitability of liberty. No one is free if he does not lose himself. However, since the time of human society, the concept of freedom is also influenced by social relati ons.Thousands of years, no matter what era, in any mode, freedom is always the top priority of human beings. Following after the death of hunger, people have first the need for freedom. Freedom is the greatest happiness. Freedom to bring joy. People find happiness in freedom. The secret of happiness is freedom. The secret of freedom is courage. In a buckle down society, people are almost entirely free they have only the status of a tool, a means, like a buffalo horse, used by the owner to plow Serve, serve the boss. They can be beaten to death at any time, or sold as barter. That is, they have no freedom to live, no right to be human. later on the slavery, the civilized society gradually, people began to have some freedoms, initially less, more and more, soon, the society gradually improved and more freedom. Feudal society is freer than slave society. Capitalist society is more liberal than feudal. The capitalist period is more liberal than early capitalism.Freedom, as we know it, is inevitable itself, and very broad, in all areas, where human activity is. But on the other hand, freedom is always limited It is the limit not to infringe on the freedom of others, not to harm the community, to the nation, to social responsibility. Usually, concepts are defined by one other than it. Private freedom is not restricted to that but is constrained by itself. Freedom is limited by the freedom of others, that is, by itself, not by another. Not to harm the community, for the nation is in essence not intrusive of the freedom of others, the freedom of others also forms the second gear look, the inevitable Of freedom. In other words, liberty and inevitability are two sides of the same corpse that are inseparable, not contradictory and not mutually exclusive. Freedom to move from the inevitable Kingdom is Engels way of saying. Thus, freedom is indispensable, necessary freedom, vital democracy, important to guarantee freedom, inevitably by freedom (of others), free and indispensable in parallel survival and development.However, do not take advantage of the second face is inevitable, on behalf of it to impede freedom. When a class (or corporation) ruled without progress, curtailing history, Marx calls them reactionary, often explains that freedom must be within the will of the authorities. The authorities result wherever people are free to go. In essence, it is also sophistry. In a civilized country, society is governed by uniform laws, with the supreme rule of law, everyone must obey, no one, no organization is above the law. It is also the indispensable aspect of freedom. On the other hand, the rule of law must be a following, the rule of law by the idea of civil rights, in which human freedom, in other words, personal freedom, and the right of the people. Citizens of the people are the nucleus of the core the core. Thus, following the rule of law is the rule of law that does not restrain freedom. French law is both an indispensable face of fre edom, as well as a tool to defend freedom, liberate people, free people and develop.Although not every movement recognizes the idea of human rights, the notion of the presence of human rights can not be deprived of humanity in the social life of the West. Philosophers and politicians talked about the right to life, liberty, and property. Later, society recognized civil rights and political rights (freedom of speech, freedom of belief, freedom of assembly, freedom of association) as well as social rights (labor rights, Rest, right to have to house ). The ordinal century also added the right to participate in social management, parliamentary rights Although the rights of natural rights are still controversial, the spirit of natural rights and the perception of duties. People and civil rights have influenced not only the views of researchers on democracy but also on the way in which the model of organization of state power in practice has been shaped.BibliographyAlan Gewirth, Human Dignity as the ground of Rights, in Meyer and Parent, eds., The Constitution of Rights (Ithaca, New York, 1992), pp. 10-28.Duncan, S. (2005). Whats the problem?. London London southward Bank University, Families Social Capital ESRC Research Group.Steiner, Hillel. Directed duties and inalienable rights. Ethics 123, no. 2 (2013) 230-244.MacCormick, N. (1986). Legal right and social democracy. 1st ed. Oxford u.a. Clarendon Press.Downs, Robert B. 1983. Books That Changed the World. 2d ed. New York Penguin.

National Parks By Visitor Management Tourism Essay

subject field pose By Visitor anxiety Tourism turn upThe sportists who visit and enjoy the planets protected raw(a) atomic number 18as ca section serious bionomical damage to the very lands they enjoy. To maintain ecosystem integrity, viridity bear awayrs must increasingly think on recreation anxiety as a vital patch of their jobs. Managers agree on the importance of pursuing objectives using the least toll amalgamate of tools. To make this choice wisely, the efficacy of various tools in influencing recreationists conduct must be assessed.Natural resource managers a good deal confront the soprano objectives of encouraging recreation while simultaneously preserving the ecosystems they manage. Unfortunately, compassionate behavior oftentimes degrades natural processes.To maintain ecosystem integrity, common managers must increasingly focus on recreation management as a vital part of their jobs. The choice of recreation management strategy requires that objective s be delineated and that the efficacy of the more than tools at their disposal be evaluated.Visitor management in super acids, wild and some other protected areas requires selective information ab verboten visitor environment interactions and, particularly, the diffusion and flow of visitors in space and time. Such information is usually uncomplete and based largely on the verbal reports of visitors.M each of the worlds natural parks, natural state areas and other protected areas are established for the duple purposes of ecological conservation and recreational habituate. Managers of such places must balance visitor use and environmental testimonial. Regardless of the balance selected, constitution fuck offment and implementation requires fundamental information about visitors, their needs and wants, the impacts of their visits, and their distribution and flow in space and time. eon well-established protected areas in developed countries often receive large song of v isitors, newly established ones can struggle to attract them.This is especially so in some developing countries, where protected areas often depend on touristry income, and the number of visitors may be too low to give up even a small portion of the necessary income to run the park. because strategies to manage the problems of large numbers of visitors in some protected areas often need to be complemented by other strategies designed to attract them to other areas.Managers have at their disposal a wide array of strategies to manage the impacts of park tourism. Their choice go away be determined by any restrictions that legislation or agency policy places upon them, by the efficiency and appropriateness of the management strategy, and the resource implications. The main features of these strategies to control, influence and mitigate visitor impacts are described below.There are four strategic courtes which can be used to reduce the negative impacts of visitors on protected area s1. Managing the supply of tourism or visitor opportunities, e.g. by increasing the space available or the time available to accommodate more use.2. Managing the demand for visitation, e.g. through restrictions of distance of stay, the total numbers, or type of use.3. Managing the resource capabilities to handle use, e.g. through curing the site or specific locations, or developing facilities.4. Managing the impact of use, e.g. minify the negative impact of use by modifying the type of use, or dispersing or concentrating use.Literature reviewThe sine qua non of Environment Canada, honey oils mandate to protect heritage resources and to facilitate visitor use of those resources has not been met in park management plans or operations. Care of the physical, biological, and cultural heritage resources led Parks Canada to develop objective entropy about natural resources within park boundaries but minimal data about the dimensions and nature of human use. Park planning reflected a protection bias with the result that issues related to the mix of opportunities, activities, supporters and facilities were not well analyzed or taken seriously. In practical terms, management action in national parks suffered. Facilities were naughtily located and sometimes too large or too small.Managing the strain between the resource and the visitor requires that park visitors and their activities be treated seriously. This requirement has led to the development of the Visitor Activity Management Process (VAMP). The approaching of VAMP represents a fundamental change in orientation in Parks from a product or supply basis to an outward-looking market-sensitive one.Traditionally, park agencies have utilized a product orientation to visitor natural action planning and management. Park planners and managers, believed their primary task to be providing facilities, services and programs which they shoot to be most appropriate, as efficiently as they are able. This approach invo lves deciding what the public wants and how the park agency can best tin for visitor and local wants.The resulting facilities, services and programs are offered to the public with the hope that they leave be utilized. Ensuing management then becomes operation-orientated, focusing on the instalment or resource being offered rather than on the recreation experiences or benefits provided.Natural resource information is collected through the Natural Resources Management Process and is assessed to identify resource opportunities and constraints. The inclusion of such information in VAMP is all important(predicate) because it helps achieve integration between visitor use and resource protection.From the recently revised US National Park process (NPS) Management Policies, provides a strong mandate to guide recreation management decisions in protecting park resources and values at some 375 parks.This policy guidance recognizes the legitimacy of providing opportunities for public enjoym ent of parks. However, the Management Policies also detect that some degree of resource impact is an inevitable consequence of use and direct managers to ensure that any adverse impacts are the minimum necessary, unavoidable, cannot be further mitigated, and do not constitute impairment or wear and tear of park resources and values (NPS, 2001).Most protected areas internationally operate low similar mandates. Success in achieving an appropriate balance between recreation provision and resource protection mandates requires professional management of park natural resources and visitor use. Managers must have the ability to assess and find out visitor impacts and determine what their acceptability with respect to park management objectives is. purpose of the researchNational Park Service lands are administered under dual legal mandates requiring managers to achieve an unimpeachable balance between resource protection and recreation provision objectives. While some degree of environ mental abasement is inevitable, managers are challenged to develop recreation resource management policies that can hold back environmental conditions and processes, while sustaining high quality recreational experiences. Recreation ecology knowledge can assist managers in this challenging task by providing procedures to monitor resource conditions and evaluate the effectiveness of management actions.Provisions of (physical) facilities in recreational areas often have a double purpose. They offer service to the visitors, but their primary purpose might equally be as management actions with the purpose of limiting impacts on the natural environment.Research in the outdoor recreation field shows that land managers usually are more sensitive to ecological impacts from recreation than are the visitors.1. How do the two groups approximate the need for facilities?2. Which management actions are regarded as good or acceptable tools in order to repair or minimize impacts?3. How we can declare visitors management tools to integrate protection and use of national parks and facilities at the same time?MethodologyThis project will utilize twain quantitative and qualitative data collection tools, but is rooted in a qualitative mode. It means combination of quantitative and qualitative method but rely on qualitative one.Data collection will consist of primary data and secondary data. In secondary data collection, using of magazines, books, articles, journals, internet, websites and conferences papers are common ways and primary data can be gathered by communication methods and observation methods such as interview and questionnaire.Expected benefits to the societyProtected areas provide opportunities for visitors to develop a sense of perspective, to begin to prize that the past played an important role in shaping the present, and to understand that what we now hold beneficial came because others before us made sacrifices, were worried about the future or were simp ly far-sighted. Parks are thus highly valued for their opportunities for these experiences.The possible pressures that tourism may place on cultural resources are significant, but such tourism is highly dependent on maintaining the integrity of the site. National parks and protected areas provide important reserves for biological habitats, ecological processes, pure air, clean water and individual species. These functions serve the important role of providing the security that cultures need for maintenance of natural processes important to the survival of human life. National parks and protected areas provide critical habitats for humans to enjoy, appreciate and learn about natural processes.

Secretors And Non Secretors In Human Population Antigens Biology Essay

Secretors And Non Secretors In humanity Population Antigens Biology EssayHuman people goat be categorized into glandy organs and non- secretors based on A, B and H antigen on basis of charge or absence of these melodic phrase throng antigens in the clay fluids and secretions, such(prenominal) as spittle, sweat, tears, semen, melodic line serum, mucus toast in the digestive tr scrap or respiratory cavities etc. Secretors be man-to-mans that secrete descent convocation antigens in their luggage compartment fluids while non-secretors argon the privates that do non secrete them in their automobile trunk fluids and secretions.It is a cognise fact that aborigine neckcloth fiber is controlled by line of descent character reference coding constituents bear witness on the chromosome 9q34 simply the secretor status of an individual is decided by inter natural action of a sepa commit cistron (called secreting constituent) with these profligate type elements . The front of the secreting cistron in a persons genome makes him a secretor and absence makes him a non secretor. The gene is designated as (Se) for Secretors and (se) for Non-secretors and it is entirely indep eradicateent of the line of products type A, B, AB or O. The individuals secreting antigens in the body fluid ar designated as ABH secretors in melody banks. Individuals having O blood group secrete antigen H, A blood group secrete A and H antigens, B blood group secrete B and H antigens in the fluids.A secretor gene helps a person to gain a spot of tax shelter against contrasting environmental fixs especially the micro phytology of a particular environment and as well the lectins innovate in them. It helps them in promoting the egression of friendly, stable blood type in canvassinal bacterial ecosystem which depends on the blood type antigens present in the mucus of an individual. Secretor status does commute carbohydrates in the fluids present in the body a nd their secretions and it in like manner affects and influences the attachment and doggedness of the micro flora present in the body. Secretors be at a nobleer advantage than non-secretors. Non-secretors mystify a potential health disadvantage. They stimulate many metabolic traits such as carbohydrate intolerance, immune susceptibilities. disparate streaks be available for determining an individuals secretor status. Most common test uses spit or other body fluids of an individual for testing the secretor status. These tests be based on the principle of agglutinating body process Inhibition where the antigens atomic take 18 neutralized by the corresponding antibodies so that these antibodies will non be further be available to neutralize or agglutinative the said(prenominal) antigens residing on the inflamed blood cells. ELISA could as well be use for determining the presence of the secreted Lewis antigens in the saliva or other body fluids.Statistics 1PlacePopul ationTested% Secretor frequence% Non-SecretorFrequencyNew YorkNegroes17861.20.3838.80.62CopenhagenDanes26374.00.4926.00.51JapanJapanese42475.70.5124.30.49BerlinGermans36378.00.5322.00.47PolandPoles8879.40.5421.60.46New YorkWhites7482.40.5817.60.42capital of FinlandFinns19686.30.6313.70.37New MexicoAmerican Indians6998.50.881.50.12UtahAmerican Indians79100.01.0000The allelomorphs Se and se differ in the frequency and engender an anthropological value. They occur in assorted frequency in different populations. They save a juicy frequency in the American indium and a miserable frequency in the southern Indians. In US 20% of the population is secretors whereas 80% of the population consist of non-secretors. The fusion allelomorph of the FUT2 (secretor type alpha(1,2)-fucosyltransferase) gene at a high frequency and a new se385 allelomorph in a Korean population secreter AND NON-SECRETORA person secreting blood group antigens into the body fluids and other secretions like saliv a, semen, tear, mucous in the digestive tract and respiratory cavities ar named as secretors. In like terms they put their blood type antigens in the body fluids. They secrete antigens according to their blood type, A secrete antigen A and H, B secret antigen B and H, O secrete antigen O and AB secrete A, B and H antigen. Secretors bear witnesses Lewis b (Leb) antigens on the red blood cell where as non-secretor let loosees Lewis a (Le a) on their RBC.These antigens in the body fluids give additional security measure to the individual against the various microorganisms and the lectins present all around us.15- 20% of the population consists of non-secretor. These individual fail to secrete the blood group antigens in their body fluids hence they become susceptible to bacterial and superficial yeast infections. A largish no of them sometimes in like manner suffer from the autoimmune disorder. This could in any case be correlated with the secretor and non-secretor phenotype. The body secretions of secretors and non-secretors differ quantitatively and withal qualitatively. The type and quantity of the antigens present in it differ among different individuals. In some cases the non-secretors whitethorn watch the A and B antigens in the saliva but the quantity is less and even quality is truly deplorable hence they soak up similar functional problem.There be certain(a) properties which argon specific for secretors and differ in non-secretors. Some be listed beneathIntestinal base-forming phosphatase activityABH secretor correlates the activity of alkaline phosphatase and serum alkaline phosphatase present in the intestine. Non-secretors pay low activity of alkaline phosphatase and serum alkaline phosphatase which is responsible for the breakdown of fat and assimilate calcium.2-5 unkept molecular weight alkaline is present in twain secretors and non-secretors and high molecular weight alkaline phosphatase is present only is secretors.6Bacteria l floraThe ABH blood types influence the population of bacteria residing in the local locality of the gut mucin glycoproteins. Bacteria produce enzymes that have the capability to degrade the end sugar of A, B, and H blood antigens and which atomic number 18 consumed as food by them. The B antigen degrading bacteria produce enzyme to remove the end alpha-D-galactose and A antigen degrading bacteria produce enzyme to detach N-acetylgalactosamine which be used as a source of food by them.7,8Blood clottingThe secretor and the native genetics influence each other and issuance upto 60% of the vWf concentration variation in plasma. Raised directs of factor 8 and vWf may cause thrombotic and heart illness in future. Secretors have the slowest clotting time, thinnest blood, least tendency of platelet aggregation, low pith of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor (vWf).9,10 The non-secretors have highest clotting time, thick blood, high amount of factor VIII and von Willebrand fact or (vWf) and low eject time. The blood viscosity is also influenced by the secretor status of that individual.Phenotype LewisCharacteristics of ClottingLe (a- b-)maximum action of factor VIII and vWfVery impression bleeding times (seen in A, B and AB)Le (a+ b-) intermediary actionLow bleeding times (seen in O)Le (a- b+) minimum action of factor VIII and vWfVery Long bleeding times (seen in O)Blood fictional character Lewis and Factors effect Blood ClottingImmunoglobulin VariationsABH non-secretors crush out low concentration of immunoglobulin G immunoglobulin.11,12 The secretion of varying concentration of divers(prenominal) constituents of the blood group is controlled by the secretor gene and it also affects the phagocytic activity of the leucocytes which for bugger offs an added advantage to the non-secretors. The leucocytes of the non-secretors possess a greater ingestion condition when compargond to the secretors. The O and B blood group non-secretors have the highest phagocytic activity.13The presence of different concentration of anti-I in the an individuals serum is affect by the ABO group, secretor status and sex of the individual. The secretors females have a high level of anti-I in the serum as compared to the males.14 The non-secretor have low levels of IgA and IgG antibodies and hence have frequent problems with the heart valve.Genetics and Biochemical pathwaysThe secretion of the blood group antigens in the body fluids and other secretions are genetically influenced by certain allelomorphic genes. Secretor gene charters two alleles (Se) and (se). The sovereign gene (Se) is present in the homozygous or heterozygous condition in the secretors which drop dead to the secretion of antigens into the body fluids. (se) is recessive allele and is present in non-secretors in the homozygous condition. SeSe and seSe produces a dominant secretor phenotype and sese produces a recessive non-secretor phenotype.Basically three genes are responsible f or the formation of the A and B antigens. They are namely ABO, Hh, and Sese genes encoding glycosyltransferases which produces the A and B antigens. H antigen present in the individual with O blood group is the herald for the formation of A and B antigens. H antigen acts as a backbone for A and B antigens. The O gene is considered as amorphic. The allele Hh and Sese trail on each locus and are closely linked together. It is also suggested that one of the allele has arisen by the gene duplication of the other. The second allele on the same locus is really rare. The product related to this allele hasnt been discovered yet and hence it is considered as amorph.The oligosaccharide responsible for the formation of the A and B antigen can exist in a simple analogue fashion or a complex branched fashion. Infants A, B and H antigens contain high amount of linear chained oligosaccharide whereas oligosaccharides present in an adult contain high amount of branched chained oligosaccharides.15 The A and B antigen is synthesized from a common intermediate known as fondness H. The conversion is carried out by the addition of a sugar hint to the non reducing end of the H oligosaccharide chains. This addition affects the reactivity of H antigen.16,17The ABH substances are secreted in the Urinary respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract by mucous glands residing there. The secretor gene regulates the synthesis of blood group antigens in the glands of subtle intestinal mucosa. The secretors and non-secretors produce A and B substances which are basically glycoproteins in pylorus and Brunners glands and produce A and B substances those are soluble in alcoholic drink and glycosphingolipids in nature.18,19,20The secretors also produce ABH substances in the prostate and lactating mammary glands.20 The secretion of breast is rich in H substance but poor in substance A and virtually absent in substance B. The synthesis of these constituents in the pancreas and secretory cells of sweat gland is not controlled by the secretor gene.21 The blood groups substances were also found in the calyxes and amass tubules of the secretors (Se) but it could not be concluded that whether they are produced by the kidneys or are generally excreted. These secretions were noticed in the eight to nine weeks anile salivary glands and stomach and later it appears throughout the gastrointestinal tract.19,22Glycosphingolipids carrying the A or B oligosaccharides are present on the membranes of RBCs, epithelial and endothelial cells and are also present in the plasma in the soluble form. The glycoproteins carrying the similar A and B oligosaccharides are responsible for their activity in the body fluids. In the body fluids they are present in the secreted form. The A and B oligosaccharides which do not contain the carrier proteins are present in the milk and urine.The chromosome 19 contains FUT 1 and FUT 2 genes which code for fucosyltransferase.23 FUT genes numbered from 1-7 and form clusters which are responsible for the production of enzymes called as fucosyltranferases. The cluster is located on chromosome 19q13.3. Fucosyltranferase helps in the formation of fucose moiety which is added to the H antigen and further gylcosylate the A or/and B antigens.24,25H antigen is a basic blood group antigen present in each and every human being but the content varies in different individuals of the same ABO group. A general pattern indicates that its competency varies as OA2A2BBA1A1B. Water soluble H antigen has been demonstrated in the saliva and the body fluids of the individuals. H antigens are fucose containing glycan units which are present on the glycolipids or glycoproteins residing on the erythrocytes membrane or in the secretions. The fucosylatedglycans are the substrate for the enzyme glycosytransferases that are responsible for the formation of the Lewis and A, B blood group antigen epitopes.Secretors contain both the alleles whereas non secretor contain s the null allele for FUT2 gene. The FUT 2 gene codes for fucosyltranferaseenzyme in the exocrine tissues which raceway to formation of antigens in the body secretions and body fluids.The A and B genes produce glycosyltranferase that add sugar to oligosaccharide chains that is converted to H antigen. The H antigen are constructed on the oligosaccharide chain. The oligosaccharide chains could be of two type Type 1 and type 2.15 The glycosphingolipids present in the plasma and on the membranes of glandular and parenchymal cells and glycoproteins present on the cell surfaces or body fluids carry either the type 1 or type 2 chains. The glycolipids antigens present on the RBC contain type 2 chains.A gene encodes N-acetyl-galactosaminyl-transferase and B gene-encodes galactosaminyl-transferase and add GalNAc andGal in alpha (1-3) linkages which is acts on the H gene transferase. The H gene produces fucosyltransferase that add fucose to the terminal Galactose molecule of type 2 chain. It forms an alpha (1-2) linkage. A and B antigens are constructed when the A and B transferases attach respective sugars to the type 1 or type 2 chain substituted with Fucose.26The secretor gene FUT2 located at 19q13.3 and codes for the activity of the glycosyltransferasesin project with the FUT1 gene coding for H antigen, needed to assemble both the ABO and Lewis blood group and are active in mucous gland and goblet cells which interact with each other and lead to secretions of antigens in the fluids.The scene patterns of both the genes are different. The FUT1 (H) gene is dominantly expressed in the erythroid tissues which lead to the formation of the H enzyme whereas the FUT2 (secretor) gene is expressed in the secretory tissues and lead to the formation of secretor enzyme. The product of the H enzyme or H gene resides on the erythrocytes and product of secretor gene resides on mucins in secretions.If an individual lack these alleles, he/she will not be able to express the above a ctive enzymes therefrom they would be deficient of the substrates which are indispensable by the A or B glycosyltransferases. Therefore they would not express the A and B epitopes.Correlation mingled with Lewis Phenotype and ABH Secretor statusThe Lewis typewrite also helps in finding the ABH secretor status. The production of Lewis antigens is genetically controlled. Individuals possessing the Lewis (Le) gene would produce the Lewis antigens which are carried in the plasma by different substances and are absorbed onto the Red blood Cells present in ones blood.The ABO determinants and H/h blood groups factors seem to show structurally corelation to Lewis blood determinants. FUT1 provide the glycans for glycosyltransferases which convert Lewis antigen to ABH antigens. FUT2 allele is expressed in the secretor and is responsible for the facial gesture of type1 H determinant.The secretors convert their Lewis a antigen to Lewis b therefore they are (a-b+) and the non-secretor are (a +b-) as they lack the FUT2 responsible for glycosyltransferase which could convert Lewis a antigen to Lewis b antigen.Lewis (Le) gene and Secreting (Se) gene interact with each other. Initially Lewisais formed and if Se gene is absent in an individual the Lewisa substance is absorbed on the RBC and the individual is typed as Lewisa but in secretors the Se gene controls the activation of the H gene which causes addition of an additional sugar to Lewisa which convert it to Lewisb. Secretors contain both Lewisa and Lewisb in their plasma but absorb Lewisb preferentially on the red blood cells and the individual is typed as Lewisb.Hence we could interpret that presence of Lewis gene would type an individual as Lewisa positive or Lewisb ostracise or vice versa. An individual could not be positive for both. A person containing both Lewis gene and Secreting gene are typed as Lewisa prejudicial and Lewisb positive whereas a person having the Lewis gene but not the secretor gene is typed as Lewisa positive and Lewisb negative. Individual who does not have Lewis gene regardless of secretor gene is typed as Lewisa negative and Lewisb negative.27,28Note Lewis divalent Negative (LDN) is a sub type of non secretors but Lewis typing cannot be used for them to determine the ABH secretor status.Detection methods29-31The presence and absence of the antigens in the body fluids could be detected by Agglutination Inhibition and Lewis typing.Agglutination Inhibition test could be divided into two parts- articulation I Antibody NeutralizationTo determining ones secretor status, the saliva of the individual is involved by the antiserum (Anti-A, Anti-B or Anti-H) available commercially. In secretors the soluble substances i.e. blood group antigens will react with the antibodies present in the antiserum and will get neutralized. interrupt II Agglutination InhibitionThe bed blood cells obtained commercially are added to the test mixture. In secretors agglutination of the RBC do n ot manoeuver place as no desolate antibodies are available to agglutinate them. All the antibodies have reacted with the soluble antigens present in the saliva whereas in non-secretors agglutination would occur upon addition of the RBC as no blood group antigens are present in the saliva so antibodies present in the antiserum are not neutralized and hence would be free to react with the test RBC cells which are added to the test mixture. Hence agglutination is a negative test for secretor status and positive test for the non-secretor status.Note Anti-H lectin containing phytohaemagglutinin virtually specific for human RBC. Thirteen Cucurbitaceaespecies have been investigated for the anti-H activity present in their seed lectins. Lectins has been extracted and purified from Ulexeuropaeus seeds. It could be used to demonstrate the H secretor status of blood group O individual and also for subgrouping the blood group A individuals.Lewis typingIndividuals carrying the Lewis gene produ ce Lewis antigens that are carried by the plasma and are also adsorbed on the red blood cells. Lewis antigens do not reside only on the red blood cells. Initially the gene gives rise to Lewisa. If Se gene is present it activates H gene which interact with the Lewisa and add a sugar to Lewisa and hence get converted it to Lewisb. Both Lewisa and Lewisb in present in the plasma of the secretors. If the Se gene is not present then the Lewisa substance is adsorbed on the red cells and individuals are typed as Lewisa.The secretor status of an individual could be decided with help of Lewisa and Lewisb antibodies mixed with an individuals saliva and observing the agglutination macroscopically.Disease faculty among Secretors and Non-secretorsDigestive systemNon-secretors are more flat to the diseases caused by the spontaneous bacteria in the digestive system of an individual. It includes ulcers, celiac diseases stomachic carcinoma noxious anemia etc. It could lead to dysplasia or incr ease in the number of cavities present in the digestive tract. Non-secretors are less resistant to the infection caused by Helicobacter pylori which could lead to the formation of peptic and duodenal ulcers.32,33 It could easily colonize and cause inflammation in the non-secretors.34 The non-secretors lack the blood group antigens in the mucus secretions therefore H.pylori attach to the walls of the digestive tract and cause infection. The secretors have a tendency to secrete free ABH antigens in their intestinal secretions which effect the bacterial and lectins adherence to the microvilli present in the gut. The secretors produce these antigens and prevent H.pylori attachment. These antigens act as a decoy in the secretors which prevent them from attaching with the host tissues. The non-secretors also show a lower IgG immune response to the H.pylori. They have extreme rate of bleeding and stomach ulcers but correlation amid these complications and the secretor status have not bee n documented yet. The non-secretors are not able to turn off the digestive enzymes and hence they produce large amount of enzyme pepsin and hence are more prone to duodenal ulcers. 50% of the duodenal ulcers are present in non-secretors. 30-40% of group O individuals are impact by the duodenal ulcers and 15- 20 % are bear upon by the gastric ulcers. They show a high risk factor along with the gene coding for hyperpepsinogenemia I which impact in the risk of duodenal ulcers.35,36 Group A individuals have a higher tendency of having gastric cancer and evil anemia. Statistics shows that 20% of the group A individuals are affected by gastric cancers and 25% are affected by the pernicious anemia.Oral pathologyThe non-secretors are more prone to oral diseases like verbalise and esophagus cancer, epithelial dysplasia etc. They have more cavities than secretors.37DiabetesThe ABH non-secretors and Lewis negative (Le a-b-) individuals have a high risk of developing insulin dependent diab etes or complications arising from diabetes.38,39 Secretors with modern diabetes have a low chance of developing retinopathy.40 The ABH non secretors which are affected by insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, they show mean levels of C3c and C4 is lower as compared to ABH secretors. metabolic Syndrome XThe Lewis negative men are predisposing to syndrome X and prothrombic metabolism. They have high levels of BMI, SBP, triglycerides and low levels of insulin in serum and plasma glucose while fasting. This relationship is not true for women and is only applicable for the men.41-43Respiratory SystemSecretors have an added protection against the harmful environmental assaults directed towards our lungs and as usual non-secretors have a health disadvantage. They are over represented among the people suffering from influenza viruses A and B, rhinoviruses, respiratory synsytial virus and echinoviruses.44 Secretors who are miners or smokers do elate a protection against the disastrous effe cts of the cigarette smoking. Asthma is very common among the individuals working in the coal mines. Upon research it was concluded that asthma attack among them is also related to the non-secretor phenotype present in them. The non-secretor has a tendency to saw logs and are more prone to COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease).45Heart diseaseThe ABH non-secretor phenotype have a high risk of developing myocardial infarction and Lewis negative individuals have a high risk of developing continuing heart disease (CHD) and also ischemic heart disease (IHD).46 They contain high levels of triglycerides.47 alcoholism has a positive interaction with the Lewis negative individuals. Alcohol consumption is protective in these individuals.48,49Autoimmune DiseaseAutoimmune disorders such as Sjogrens syndrome, spondylitis, sclerosis, arthropathy, arthritis, and Graves disease are more prone in non-secretors.50-52 The ABH non-secretors affected with graves disease produces high levels o f antitubulin antibodies as compared to secretors and are futile to produce the water soluble glycoproteins in the saliva.53Fetal Loss and sterilityABO antigens are also found on the sperm of the secretors.54 These are obtained from the seminal secretions present in them. ABO incompatibility could exist between the wife and husband if could affect the fertility of an individual.55,56 This issue has not been justly studied and is therefore under research.Rheumatic FeverThe secretors and group O individuals are resistant to Rheumatic fever and more number of cases have been recorded in the non-secretors.57,58 Secretor status could also determine whether the woebegone fever would be followed by streptococcal pharyngitis or not.59-61Neisseria speciesThe non-secretors who do not produce water soluble antigens in the saliva are at the risk of getting infected by Neisseria meningcococcal disease.62 The immune capabilities of the secretor provide a relative protection in the secretors. The ABH non-secretors produce low level of anti-meningococcal salivary IgM antibodies which provide protection to the secretors against the microorganism.63Candida speciesNon-secretors are barriers of candida species and therefore are frequently affected by the candida infections. The glycocompounds secreted by secretors in the body fluids inhibit adhesins present on the yeast which are responsible for their love with the body tissues.64-66 This leads to the development of the chronic hyperplastic Candidiasis. Statistics shows that 68% on the non-secretors are affected by chronic hyperplastic candidiasis.67 Non-secretor women are affected by recurrent idiopathic vulvovaginal Candidiasis. An individual with a combination of non-secretors and absence of Lewis gene are at relative risk of developing recurrent idiopathic vulvovaginal Candidiasis.68Tumor MarkersThe individuals with homozygous active Le alleles (Le/Le) and inactive (se/se) alleles shows a highest mean value of CA19-9 tu mour scrape.69 The Lewis negative individuals irrespective of Se genotype have negative set for CA19-9. The Lewis negative individuals have higher mean value for DU PAN-2 as compared to Le-positive individuals.70 We can conclude that CA 19-9 marker is not an appropriate tumor marker for Le-negative individuals but DU-PAN-9 is an appropriate tumor marker.71UTINon-secretors show a higher risk of getting recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) and nephritic scars as compared to secretors. This susceptibility is higher among negative Lewis subset. Statistics of a study done on women affected with recurrent urinary tract infection stated that 29% of the non-secretor women were affected by UTI and 26% of Lewis (a-b-) women were affected by the UTI.72-74 The non-secretor phenotype and blood group B and AB phenotype work together to increase the risk of UTI among women. Women and children suffering from renal scarring with and without the antibiotic treatment for UTI are prone to UTI and pyelonephritis.75-77 55-60% of non-secretors develop renal scars and 16% on secretors develop renal scars.78 C-reactive protein levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and body temperature are higher in the non-secretors that in secretors with recurrent UTI.79 shuttingIt concludes that there exist a statistical association between the individuals blood-group secretor phenotype and the diseases they are susceptible to. So knowing your secretor status is positive as we can use the nutritional supplements more intelligently and effectively. It also makes us aware of the diseases, illness and metabolic dysfunction we are prone to, difference in the levels of intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity, propensities towards blood clotting, tumor markers and different ingredients of breast milk so that we can manage them before mitt and would be prepared for them in the near future.

Literary Analysis :: Essays Papers

literary AnalysisThis was by far my least favorite paper of all(prenominal) of them simply because The Dubliners is incredibly hard to read when you dont have enough age to read back through it like I had previously to understand the other stories. The c superannuated and The Sisters are two disparate stories. The Dead is the long-dated bill in The Dubliners and the most difficult to understand because of the many different themes running through it. While The Sisters is much shorter than the latter, with an easier stratumline.Eyes & Vision in DublinersDubliner by James Joyce is full of epiphanies that characters experience about the lives they live. All of the stories in Dubliners share the common themes of real(a)ization, and awareness. As the stories progress The Sisters and the Dead show the real way of life in Dublin in the early twentieth century. These stories were not only showing the truth in the characters lives, but the authoritative problems of Dublin in t he 20th century. These themes are echoed throughout both The Sisters and The Dead and result in the main characters becoming more aware of their mortality and surroundings. Awareness in The Sisters becomes the main focus of the story as the boy begins to realize the truth behind his life. Before the priest dies the boy admires him as a father but come to gyp that he is not a respected as he thinks. aft(prenominal) the priest passes on the race around him begin to talk. -Its harmful for children, said old Cotter, because their minds are so impressionable. When children see things like that, you exist it has an effect- (3) This shows the disgruntled attitude that most people in the story hold towards the priest. As the story goes on we learn that the boy was in the running for becoming a man of clergy not unlike the priest, purge though Cotter still thought less of Father Flynn. -The old chap had taught him a great deal, mind you and they say he had a great wish for him - (2) The boy was supposed to be a bequest for the position the priest held. But as we all do when people close to us die you get hit hard with the dead on target reality of what goes on around you, like the boy did.

The Development of Personal Autonomy Essay -- independence, Self-Actua

Independence or in the flesh(predicate) freedom is an aspect that more or less individuals seek in their lives. Although some individuals may need the help of others in order to gain these features, others are already endowed with autonomous thoughts and smooth it in their look. Deci & Ryan (2009) claim that self-reliance is one of the basic and universal psychological needs that is necessary for the well-being and flourishing of all people. The development of autonomy comes in different forms for all people. The research discussed throughout this paper depart reveal and evaluate how autonomy develops in individuals and whether showing autonomous behavior is positive or negative. Primary Issues familiarityThe notion of personal autonomy is a sign that many individuals seek to find throughout their life. The terminal figure autonomy originates from the Greek words auto (self) and nomos (law) and means self-management (Senturan, Kose, Sabuncu, & Ozhan, 2012). Individuals who experience the characteristic of autonomy during their lives will often have an intense desire for their personal freedom and will set moderate goals for themselves that will enhance their well-being and independence. Radel, Sarrazin, Pelletier, and Milyavskaya (2011) describe autonomy as being a basic psychological need that has the potential to represent an individuals propensity towards a slate of self-governance as defined by their behavioral aims. An autonomous military strength is seen as having the ability to resist influence or coercion, to defy an berth or seek freedom in a new place, or to strive for independence (Sahakian, 1965). Individuals who have high levels of autonomy might trail goals or activities in which they must complete them individually and control their let ... ...nality Psychology, 441-456.Erikson, E. (1968). Identity Youth and Crisis. New York. W.W. Norton.Radel R., Sarrazin, P., Pelletier, L., Milyavskaya. (2011). Restoration Process of the Need for self-sufficiency The Early Alarm Stage. diary of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(5), 919-934.Reeve, J., Jang, H. (2006). What Teachers Say and Do to Support Students Autonomy During a Learning Activity. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98(1), 209-218Sahakian, W. (Eds.). (1965). Psychology of Personality Readings in Theory. Chicago Rand McNally.Schultz, D., Schultz, S. (2009). Theories of Personality. California Wadsworth.Senturan, L., Kose, S., Sabuncu, N., & Ozhan, F. (2012). Autonomy and submissive behaviour among students at the college of nursing. Healthmed, 6(8), 2741-2747.Shapiro, D. (1926). Autonomy and Rigid Character. New York elemental Books.