Hip Mask Representing An Iyoba Essay Example for Free

Hip Mask Representing An Iyoba Essay The perfection of the material and the complexity of the cutting demonstrate that it was made by the selective organization of imperial ivory carvers for the lord. This choice piece is made out of ivory, iron and cooper. This piece additionally contains bits of decorated metal and expound coral carvings. The piece measurements are as followed; H. 9 3/8 x W. 5 x D. 3 1/4 in. (23. 8 x 12. 7 x 8. 3 cm). The veil is a touchy human admired representation, portraying its subject with delicately displayed highlights. This piece is confined with an exquisite headdress like hairdo and openwork neckline. The understudies were trimmed with iron metal, the brow has cut scarification marks and furthermore she is wearing groups of coral dabs beneath the jawline. In the jewelry you can see smaller than expected themes that speak to leaders of the Portuguese troopers portrayed with facial hair and streaming hair. In the crown headdress like hairdo are cut increasingly Portuguese heads substituted with figures of adapted mudfish, which represents Olokun, the Lord of the Great Waters. You can see that a portion of the accessory segment is harm or missing and this could be because of the age and delicacy of the coral. This piece is from early African craftsmanship otherwise called â€Å"Queen Mother Pendant Mask: Iyoba†. Today, you can discover this piece at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Despite the fact that pictures of ladies are uncommon this piece has come to represent the heritage of a tradition that proceeds to the current day. In a significant number of the African societies the head is a significant, incredible and emblematic piece. The head was consider to be the emblematic focus of a person’s insight, knowledge, and capacity to prevail in this world as well as to be a device to have the option to speak with profound powers in the hereditary world. In Art of History, distributed in 2011, both Professor Marilyn Stokstad and Michael W. Cothren guarantee that â€Å"one of the honorifics utilized for the lord is the â€Å"Great Head†. The head drives the body as the ruler drives the individuals. The entirety of the dedication heads incorporate portrayal of coral-beaded tops, neckbands and imperial outfit. Coral, encasing the head and showed on the body, is as yet a definitive image of the oba’s force and authority. † In an article named â€Å"Iyoba Idia: The Hidden Oba Of Benin† distributed in 2006, issue 9 of Jenda: A Journal Of Culture And African Women Studies Nkiru Nzegwu composed â€Å"Iron and copper embeds were installed in these depressions in the first model and framed piece of the embellishment. Some have guaranteed that these holes were containers for implanted mysterious elixirs, and there is a chronicled clarification for them. The striations were the aftereffect of entry points a nearby specialist seer made to distort Idia and render her ugly to Oba Ozolua. As described by the present Oba Erediauwa, Idias guardians didn't wish her to turn into an Obas spouse, and the prophet they counseled prompted that they damage her magnificence to make her monstrous to the Oba (Kaplan 1993, 59). The two entry points scarred her face as well as, to make confirmation twofold sure, they likewise contained intense therapeutic mixtures which the counseling doctor soothsayer had guaranteed them would repulse Oba Ozolua. The imperial clarification is that the arrangement fizzled on the grounds that the Oba detected that something wasn't right before he even observed Idia and immediately killed the impacts of the medication. † This is a pendant or adornment veil that speaks to an iyoba (sovereign mother-the oba’s mother), the senior female individual from the regal court. It’s accepted that this piece was delivered in the mid sixteenth century for the King or Oba Esigie, the lord of Benin, who controlled from 1504 to 1550. This piece is to respect his mom, Idia. There are various renditions of the reason for this piece. The most widely recognized ones is this was utilized an as belt decoration and it was worn at the oba’s hip. The Oba may have worn it at customs remembering his mom, albeit today such pendants are worn at yearly functions of profound restoration and cleaning. Esigie had the help of Ida and the Portuguese fighters in the development of his realm. Ida is associated with raising a military and utilizing supernatural forces to help her child Esigie to vanquish his adversaries.

Language Modes Essay

Language expressions is the term commonly utilized by instructors to depict the educational plan territory that incorporates four methods of language: tuning in, talking, perusing, and composing. Language expressions instructing comprises an especially significant territory in educator training, since tuning in, talking, perusing, and composing penetrate the educational program; they are basic to learning and to the exhibit of learning in each substance region. Instructors are accused of directing understudies toward capability in these four language modes, which can be investigated in a few different ways. Tuning in and communicating in include oral language and are regularly alluded to as essential modes since they are procured normally in home and network situations before youngsters come to class. Perusing and composing, the composed language modes, are procured in an unexpected way. In spite of the fact that youngsters from proficient situations regularly come to class with extensive information about printed language, perusing and composing are broadly viewed as the school’s obligation and are officially instructed. An alternate method of collection the language modes is as per the preparing associated with their utilization. Talking and composing require building messages and passing on them to others through language. Hence they are â€Å"expressive† modes. Tuning in and perusing, then again, are more â€Å"receptive† modes; they include developing importance from messages that originate from others’ language. (For the individuals who are hard of hearing, visual and spatial language modesâ€watching and signingâ€replace oral language modes. At the point when one thinks about how kids learn and use language, be that as it may, these divisions become to some degree counterfeit. Whatever we mark them, all modes include correspondence and development of importance. In compelling language expressions instructing, a few modes are generally utilized in every action or set of related exercises. For instance, understudies in writing gatherings may understand writing, talk about it, and expound on it accordingly diaries. In 1976 Walter Loban distributed an investigation of the language development of 338 understudies who were seen from kindergarten through evaluation twelve. He discovered positive relationships among the four language modes both regarding how understudies created competency in each, and of how well understudies eventually utilized them. His investigation exhibited the between connections among the four language modes and impacted instructors to address and all the more completely coordinate every one of them four in study halls. Models of Language Arts Instruction Many changes in language expressions guidance have occurred in American schools since 1980. To comprehend these changes, one must be acquainted with the three essential models that have offered ascend to varieties in language expressions educational plan throughout the years: the legacy model, the capabilities model, and the procedure or understudy focused model. Each model comprises a conviction framework about the structure and substance of guidance that prompts certain instructional methodologies and strategies. The legacy model, for instance, mirrors the conviction that the reason for language expressions guidance is to transmit the qualities and customs of the way of life through the investigation of an endless supply of writing. It additionally centers around settled upon modes and classes of composing, to be aced through guided composing encounters. The abilities model, then again, radiates from the conviction that the main reason for language expressions guidance is to deliver authority of a progressive system of language-related aptitudes (especially in perusing and writing) in the student. This model promoters the educating of these abilities in a foreordained grouping, for the most part through utilization of basal perusers and evaluated language expressions reading material in which the instructional exercises mirror this direction. Most of grown-ups in this nation likely experienced basic level language expressions guidance that was situated in the abilities model, trailed by secondary school English guidance that essentially mirrored the legacy model. Guidance in both of these models relies intensely upon the utilization of sequenced educational programs, messages, and tests. The third model of language expressions guidance, the procedure model, is very unique in relation to the next two models. The educational plan isn't controlled by writings and tests; rather, this model anxieties the consolation of language forms that lead to development in the language capabilities (both composed and oral) of understudies, just as presentation to expansive substance. The interests and needs of the understudies, alongside the information and interests of the instructor, decide the particular educational plan. In this manner understanding materials, composing sorts and subjects, and conversation exercises will shift from homeroom to study hall and even from understudy to understudy inside a study hall. Authentic† evaluation is the standard in these study halls, that is, appraisal that develops from the genuine language work of the understudies instead of from formal tests. Plainly the procedure model prompts more adaptable and changed educational program and guidance than the other two models. While the legacy and capabilities models have gone under analysis for being excessively unbending and lethargic to understudy contrasts, the procedure model has been reprimanded as excessively unstructured and conflicting to reliably give all understudies adequate establishing in language substance and aptitudes. In reality, educators of language expressions by and large endeavor to enable their understudies to create capability in language use, create comprehension of their own and different societies, and experience and practice the procedures of perusing and composing. In this manner it appears that the three models are not totally unrelated. They do, be that as it may, reflect various needs and accentuations, and most instructors, schools, and additionally educational systems adjust convictions and practices fundamentally with some model. Concentrate on Outcomes From a recorded point of view, stamped moves in language expressions guidance have occurred. In the mid twentieth century, course books and doled out readings, composing assignments, and tests came to overwhelm the language expressions educational plan. Guidance was described by a lot of examination of language and writings, on the hypothesis that training in investigating language and drill in â€Å"correct† structures would lead understudies to improved utilization of language and capability in perusing, composing, and talk. Guidance was altogether instructor driven; writing and composing points were chosen by the educator; spelling, syntax, and handwriting were educated as unmistakable subjects; and composing was enthusiastically rectified yet sometimes truly educated as in structure is regularly instructed today. During the 1980s a move toward the procedure model developed in progress of numerous language expressions scholars and the distributed acts of some persuasive educators including Donald Graves, Lucy M. Calkins, and Nancie Atwell. In 1987 the National Council of Teachers of English and the Modern Language Association supported a Coalition of English Associations Conference. Instructive pioneers from all levels met up at the meeting to talk about at various times language expressions instructing and to propose bearings and objectives to direct the educating of language expressions in the years paving the way to and moving into the twenty-first century. The meeting report determined the perfect results of powerful language expressions guidance, as far as the language information, capacities, and mentalities of understudies. These results were generally process situated, as outlined by the accompanying instances of results for understudies leaving the basic evaluations, as revealed by William Teale in Stories to Grow On (1989): * They will be perusers and scholars, people who discover delight and fulfillment in perusing and composing, and who make those exercises a significant piece of their regular daily existences. * They will utilize language to get themselves as well as other people and understand their reality. As a methods for thinking about their lives, they will take part in such exercises as recounting and hearing stories, understanding books and verse, and keeping diaries. Standards to control educational program advancement developed from the gathering participants’ settled upon understudy results, and, similar to the results, the standards were expansive and process-centered. For instance, two of the first standards are: Curriculum ought to advance from a sound research information base and The language expressions educational plan ought to be student focused. Elaborations on these and other educational program objectives digressed from before suggestions in that they included study hall based ethnographic research, or activity examine, just as conventional fundamental research in the information base that advises the instructing regarding language expressions. There was additionally understanding that course readings serve best as assets for exercises, however that the best language expressions educational programs are not content driven; rather they are made by singular instructors for fluctuating networks of understudies.

What Is Gestalt Therapy

What Is Gestalt Therapy Psychotherapy Print Gestalt Therapy and Using the Present for Healing By Jodi Clarke, MA, LPC/MHSP twitter linkedin Jodi Clarke, LPC/MHSP is a licensed professional counselor and mental health service provider with over 20 years of experience in the field. Learn about our editorial policy Jodi Clarke, MA, LPC/MHSP Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on March 25, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 07, 2019 More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Does Gestalt Mean? A Different Approach Key Ideas Gestalt Exercises How It Helps View All Back To Top It can be a little intimidating to consider starting therapy, especially if you imagine yourself sitting in the therapy room talking about the past. Although revisiting the past is an important part of identifying what needs to be healed, Gestalt therapy is an approach that focuses more on the here and now experience of the client. What Does Gestalt Mean? Gestalt, by definition, refers to the form or shape of something and suggests that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. There is an emphasis on perception in this particular theory of counseling. Gestalt therapy gives attention to how we place meaning and make sense of our world and our experiences. Within Gestalt therapy, the client has space to safely explore their experiences without fear of judgment. In fact, the clients are encouraged to not simply talk about their emotions or experiences, but to bring them into the room so they can be processed in real-time with the therapist. A Different Approach Based on Gestalt psychology, this type of therapy was introduced in the 1940s to be an alternative to more traditional psychoanalysis. Gestalt therapy was developed by Fritz Perls, with the help of his wife at the time, Laura Perls. Both Fritz and Laura were trained in psychoanalysis and Gestalt psychology. Along with others, such as Paul Goodman, they worked together to develop a style of therapy that was humanistic in nature. In other words, the approach focused on the person and the uniqueness of their experience. Some therapy approaches tend to focus on the therapist as an expert on distress and symptoms. The client has more of a learning role, as the therapist shares their knowledge about what they are experiencing and how to heal. The goal of Gestalt therapy is for the client to be collaborating with the therapist to increase personal awareness and actively challenge the roadblocks that have been getting in the way of healing until now. What Is Therapeutic Rapport? Key Ideas There are a number of key principle ideas that come into play with Gestalt therapy. Experience Influences Perception In this client-centered approach to therapy, the Gestalt therapist understands that no one can be fully objective and that we are influenced by our environment and our experiences. A therapist trained in Gestalt Therapy holds space for their clients to share their truth, not imposing their judgment and accepting the truth of their clients experiences. Since therapists are human as well, it is important for Gestalt therapists to consider the influence of their own experiences on what is happening in the session. Context Matters When in session, Gestalt therapists are wanting to learn about the experience of their clients. It is understood that context matters and the therapists use techniques to help the client become more aware of their experiences, their perceptions, and their responses to events in the here and now. Rather than specifically targeting the past and asking clients to purposefully bring up old experiences, Gestalt therapists operate from a place of understanding that as clients become increasingly aware, they will overcome existing roadblocks. There is no forced work or technique, just holding space for client awareness is key in this approach. The Present The main hallmark of Gestalt therapy is the focus on the present. In the session, the client and therapist rapport is critical in building trust and safety. As the client shares, a Gestalt therapist will help bring the client back to the present if there is a sense they are spending too much time in the past or if their anxiety may be speeding them into the future. An example of keeping a client present might include something like asking about a clients facial expression or body language as they process a particular event or experience. In asking about something they are observing in the room, they are helping the client come back to the present and process what is happening for them at that moment. Staying in the present can sound deceptively simple. How hard can it be to stay present, right? Well, if you have ever found yourself worrying about work while making a grocery list, or reminiscing about a past event while sitting with your family at the dinner table, you can understand how quickly we might venture off in our minds while in a therapy session. We work very hard to survive painful experiences, and part of this survival technique is to attempt to shut down our emotional hurt or painful memory of the event. In Gestalt therapy, you are offered a space where you dont have to do that hard work anymore. This isnt to suggest that things will come up quickly, but they dont have to. A Gestalt therapist understands that things such as painful memories or events will come to awareness when the client is ready for healing in that area. Self-Awareness During Gestalt therapy, there may be some experiential exercises that you will do with your therapist. Experiential exercise refers to therapeutic activities done in therapy that can help to increase awareness and help with processing. At the heart of Gestalt therapy is awareness. As Frederick Salomon Perls put it, Awareness in itself is healing. Rather than sitting still and talking, you may be asked to actively participate in something like role play, guided imagery, or use of props to help communication and understanding. Engaging in experiential exercises can be a wonderful way to open up and share, especially when it is difficult to find words or when you tend to process in a more visual way. Gestalt therapists understand that these exercises help to increase awareness. Gestalt Exercises Words and Language The attention to language and tone is important in Gestalt therapy. As clients learn to accept responsibility, they learn to use language that reflects a sense of personal ownership rather than focusing on others. For example, rather than say, If he didnt do that I wouldnt get so mad! a client might be encouraged to say, I feel mad when he does that because it makes me feel insignificant and I dont like that. The use of I statements are important in Gestalt therapy. What Are I Feel Statements? Empty Chair This is a role-playing exercise that allows a client to imagine and participate in a conversation with another person or another part of themselves. Sitting across from the empty chair, the client enters into a dialogue as if they were speaking with that other person or that other part of themselves. Empty chair can be very helpful in drawing out important perceptions, meanings, and other information that can help clients become more aware of their emotional experience and how to start healing. Role Play Another example of role-playing might be what is referred to as top dog and underdog. In this, it is recognized that a client has different parts of self. Similar to the empty chair, the client speaks as both the top dog, which is the more demanding side of their personality and the underdog, which is the more submissive and obedient side of their personality. The key is to become aware of inner conflicts so that the person can better learn how to integrate these parts of self into a more complete whole. Body Language During a session, it might be noticed by a Gestalt therapist that the client is tapping their foot, wringing their hands, or making a certain facial expression. The therapist is likely to mention their observation of this and ask what is happening for the person at that moment. Incorporating language, the Gestalt therapist may even ask the client to give their foot, hands, or facial expression a voice and speak from that place. Exaggeration In addition to giving body language a voice, a Gestalt therapist may inquire about the clients body language. If it is difficult for the client to find words to put to what is happening, they may be asked to exaggerate that motion or repeat it several times in a row for a period of time during the session to draw out some of their experience in the counseling room in that moment. The client and the therapist get a chance to process emotions and how the person might have learned to disconnect their emotional experiences with their physical experiences. Locating Emotion During a session, it is common for people to talk about emotion. Talking about emotion is different than experiencing an emotion, which is what the Gestalt therapist is wanting the client to do in sessions. As a client talks about emotion, the therapist may ask them where they feel that emotion in their body. An example of this could be, a pit in my stomach, or my chest feels tight. Being able to bring the emotional experience to awareness in the body helps the client stay present and process their emotions more effectively Creative Arts Additional activities such as painting, sculpting, and drawing can also be used to help people gain awareness, stay present, and learn how to process at the moment. It is generally noted in this style that any technique that can be offered to the client, other than traditional sitting still and talking, can be quite helpful in allowing them to become more aware of themselves, their experiences, and their process of healing. How It Helps Collaborative Relationship Gestalt therapy intends for the client to gain greater awareness of their experience of being in the world. Gestalt therapists do not have a goal of changing their clients. In fact, clients are encouraged to focus on becoming more aware of themselves, staying present, and processing things in the here and now. The working, collaborative relationship between therapist and client is powerful to the healing process in Gestalt therapy. Moving Blocks It is suggested that the way we learn how to survive experiences, particularly painful experiences, is to create blocks or push things out of awareness so that we can move forward. As effective as it may seem, it can create trouble for us as we become more compartmentalized and fragmented in our sense of self and our experiences. The very techniques we once used to help ourselves become blocks to self-awareness and growth. Increasing client awareness allows for these blocks to be identified, properly challenged, and moved out of the way so we can find healing and personal growth. Personal Responsibility A key goal in Gestalt therapy is to allow clients the opportunity to own and accept their experiences. In blaming others, we lose our sense of control and become victim to the event or the other person involved in the event. Gestalt therapy encourages clients to challenge those old ways of how we may have created meaning about an experience. Learning how to accept and embrace personal responsibility is a goal of Gestalt therapy, allowing clients to gain a greater sense of control in their experiences and to learn how to better regulate their emotions and interactions with the world. Self-Regulation and Growth Gestalt therapy suggests that, inherently, people strive for self-regulation and growth. However, we sometimes develop techniques to emotionally survive unfortunate and painful experiences. Some of these techniques feel helpful in the short-term because they can help minimize our pain or distress. However, over the long-term, they leave us is more emotionally shaky places, unable to express ourselves. We may find it hard to interact with others, and difficult to learn how to effectively regulate ourselves and be whole, responsible beings. Gestalt therapy believes that, despite some of these setbacks, people are still wired for this sense of wholeness and feel distressed when we are not able to achieve it. Our distress might look like physical illness, emotional reactivity, isolation, and more. As Perls suggests, becoming aware of ourselves is healing. During our process of therapy, we can uncover and heal parts of self that have been lost for some time, discover parts of self that have not yet had an opportunity to thrive and gain a greater sense of self along the way. As we work to heal and integrate these parts of self, we can become healthy and whole individuals. The Impact of Gestalt Psychology

The Doctrine Of The Roman Catholic Church - 1184 Words

It has long been considered a taboo to question the actions or beliefs of leaders. However, when one blindly accepts these actions or beliefs, one creates an institution for immoral actions which become increasingly more complicated to overcome. Can authority be trusted, or should it be questioned? One can look back throughout history and literature to see a plethora of cases where the trust conferred onto authority was abused. During the fifteenth century, Galileo questioned the roman catholic church. Martin Luther also questioned the Catholic church in the sixteenth century, and in George Orwell s Animal Farm, the animals questioned their human masters. During the fifteenth century, the Catholic church was the authority on scientific knowledge. The Catholic church taught geocentrism, the belief that the sun revolves around the earth. Galileo, an Italian scientist at the time dared to challenge the Catholic church. He made a number of observations which proved that the geocentric model, a model taught and widely circulated by the church was wrong. His observations showed that the heliocentric model, a model proposed by Copernicus which states that the earth revolves around the sun, was correct. For standing up and questioning the church, Galileo was suspected of heresy and as such, he was sentenced to house arrest for the rest of his life. While Galileo was punished for speaking out against the Catholic church, he continued to compile his scientific research from theShow MoreRelatedThe Protestant Reformation Essay1014 Words   |  5 PagesThe intent of this paper is to evaluate the distinct character and quality of the expressions of the Protestant Reformation. This paper will discuss Lutheran Reformation, The Anabaptist, and The English Puritans as well as the Catholic Reformation also known as the Counter Reformation. It is the hope that after the reader has had the opportunity to view each of the characteristics and the expressions of each of the reformation the reader will have a better understanding of each and will be able toRead MoreThe Great Schism, also Known as the East-West Division1017 Words   |  5 Pagessplit of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church. Some of these factors are such as the different understanding of Christianity, the different point of views toward the authority of th e Pope and the different ideas of governing the Church. All the different thoughts created the disagreement between the two branches of Church. In other words, the conflict came up, and eventually led to the Great Schism. The differences between these two branches of church were significant because theyRead MoreFive Solae Essay1392 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Roman Catholic Church. 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Ecclesiastical doctri ne contested the heliocentric theory, Galileo’s research, andRead MoreRoman Catholicism And The Catholic Church993 Words   |  4 Pages Roman Catholicism, like Protestantism they have some of the same problems with the transcendence and immanence. There has been some change during the Second Vatican Council, where it were to become more modernize, the Catholic Church and it doctrine. The importance of Vatican II and the necessary for Catholic theologian that is concern with the Catholic Church. Another question that will be address in this essay, is to consider of Catholic theology, such as Rahner and Kung who had started toRead MoreThe Trial Of Galileo And The Catholic Church987 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Trial of Galileo, The Roman Catholic church is the largest christian church in the Western civilization .The moral aspect concerns salvation. 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The Catholic Church propagate their ideals as righteous in order to be accepted; for without this acceptance, they are faced with the task of initiating this power throughRead MoreHow the Refo rmation Affected 16th Century Civilization Essay812 Words   |  4 PagesReformation spurred a wave of political devolution throughout Europe in the early 1500s, the most obvious example being that of the Holy Roman Empire. Although the nobility of the Holy Roman Empire had managed to keep hold of its power throughout a time of political unification, the Reformation further exaggerated a bad situation - at least from the Holy Roman Emperors point of view. Throughout Europe, the aristocracy increasingly resented losing their power to the royal throne. Furthermore,Read MoreProtestant Reformation1706 Words   |  7 PagesUNIVERSITY NOVEMBER 05, 2013 As a result of increased corruption in the Catholic Church, a significant number of priests in the 16th century tried to transform Christianity back to its previous Biblical basis and simplicity. Initially, priests channeled much of their efforts in reforming the church, but they discovered that it was very challenging, and the only viable solution was to split completely from the Catholic Church. There were four movements as a result of the reformation events. They include

Legalization Of Marijuana Should Not Go Into Effect

With the election finally over, there are some left with heavy hearts. You have those who oppose the new president elect, and then there are some Californians who are disgruntled with the passing of certain propositions. Being one of many, Proposition 64 (Legalization of Marijuana) has caused many to laugh and others to hold their noses even higher.. As some may have guessed, once recreational marijuana became legal in Colorado back in 2012, time wouldn’t pass too long before California place the same proposition on its ballot. With official election results in on Wednesday, Nov. 9, Proposition 64 got approved for individuals to use and grow marijuana for personal use. However, according to California Secretary of State, Alex Padilla, subsequent taxation of recreational marijuana will not go into effect until January 1, 2018. With eight other states, (Arkansas, Florida, Maine, Massachusetts, Montana, Nevada and North Dakota) inserting marijuana measures on the ballot, all but one (Arizona) voted yes. Accounting for over 12 percent of the nation s population in 2015, many people see the proposition being passed in California as a federal tipping point for the United States. All things considered, some even believe that due to the magnitude of California’s population, a yes vote to legalize marijuana, could potentially lead to a trend of other states taking an interest and approving its usage. But how could so many people vote for this proposition to get pass? OneShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1601 Words   |  7 Pagesuse of Marijuana is considered illegal in most of the states of the United States. Washington, Oregon, Colorado and Alaska legalized the use of Marijuana for medical and recreational purposes. 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Ansl inger saw the Bureau of Narcotics as a fascinating career opportunity thatRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?972 Words   |  4 PagesMarijuana Legalization For thousands of years, marijuana has been used for a myriad of purposes ranging from medical use to recreational use. Although small steps are being for marijuana legalization across the country, there is still a long way to go. Some folks argue that marijuana is a gateway drug and impairs judgement, causing people to act recklessly. However, extensive studies have been conducted on the effects, risks, and benefits of marijuana, and have proven marijuana to be safer thanRead MoreThe Battle Of Legalizing Marijuana1289 Words   |  6 Pages Jake Mincher Mrs. Hasty English 1, 1st Hour 4/20/17 The Battle to Legalize Marijuana in the United States The United States is splitting up into two sides with the date of 4/20 coming closer with one wanting the legalization of the plant substance and the other opposing it. According to the United Nations, 158.8 million people around the world use marijuana—more than 3.8% of the planet’s population. Marijuana was legalized on the 20th of April in Colorado in 2014. It has been legalized in variousRead MoreEffects Of Marijuana On The Body1139 Words   |  5 Pageshealth issue that is seen with the use of marijuana is a loss of coordination. As a person uses the drug they begin to become slower and slower when an instantaneous reaction is required. For example, using marijuana can make it difficult for a person to simply catch a ball in the sport of baseball even if before using marijuana that same person did not have difficulty with this task. (â€Å"Marijuana†) The main ingredient in marijuana that has a negative effect on the body, specifically the brain, is THCRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1372 Words   |  6 PagesLegalization of Weed Growing up, everyone is told that, â€Å"Drugs are bad for you,† time and time again. 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The Security Of Online Banking - 1967 Words

Billions of financial data transactions occur online every day and bank cybercrimes take place every day when bank information is compromised by skilled criminal hackers by manipulating a financial institution’s online information system. This causes huge financial loses to the banks and customers. The evolution history of attacks began more than 10 years ago. Its sophistication has increased on par with the new security technologies adopted by the bank industry intended to mitigate the problem. This means there are some flaws in the security of online banking that results in loss of money of many account holders along with leakage of their personal information to unauthorized persons. 3.2.1 Banking websites According to a recent study by University of Michigan, in an examination of 214 bank Websites, more than 75 percent of bank websites have at least one design flaw that could lead to the theft of customer information and flaws are ones that even an expert user would find difficult to detect and unlike bugs, cannot be fixed with a patch. It was recommended to use SSL throughout the entire website and to avoid using links to third-party sites. Secure banking websites have become an integral part of our day-to-day life from our personal to our job-related business. A survey conducted by Pew Internet states 42% of all internet users bank online. 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OTP and Facial Recognition Features †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the OTP and Facial Recognition Features. Answer: Introduction: Confidentiality, integrity and availability is also known as CIA Triad is nothing but a model which is designed for guiding policies for information security within an organization. In the case of ATM machine pin number confidentiality is generally compared to privacy (Hajare et al., 2018). PIN numbers are designed in such a way that it can prevent from reaching to unauthorized people. Integrity is much more focused in maintaining, accuracy and trustworthiness of data over the whole life cycle. Availability is generally ensured by maintaining of data of all kinds of hardware and repair of data when needed (Onyesolu Okpala, 2017). Safeguarding of data or any kinds of interruptions in various kinds of connection must be included in various kinds of parameters like natural disaster and fire. For prevention of data a backup must be there so that important data can be easily stored. PIN in ATM mainly makes use of data so that it cannot be easily accessed or authorized by unauthorized peo ple. Many times it is seen that safeguarding of data may require special kind of training for looking into the documents. This kind of training would generally require various kinds of security risk which is used for threating of information. Data encryption is known to be common kind of method which is used for ensuring confidentiality. While availability focus on maintaining of hardware which generally performs maintaining of hardware for functioning of operating system. The whole keypad of an ATM machine consists of ten keys that is (0-9). Now in this situation the thief has broken five keys so more five keys are available to him. The pin number of an ATM machine generally consist of four numbers. So with the five keys available the maximum number of possible outcome for a four-digit pin is as follows 5P4 = 5! / (5-4)! = 5! /1! = 5*4*3*2*1/ 1 =120/1 =120. So the maximum number of possible outcome in this situation is 120. But according to the ATM security a user can enter pin for maximum three times. After three wrong inputs the card gets blocked. So keeping the security of the ATM in mind the maximum time the thief can enter the pin is three times. After three wrong trials by thief the card will be blocked. The reasons behind the reluctant to the use of biometrics are: One of the biggest challenges is the kind of process which is involved in capturing or mapping it a particular kind of identity (Karovaliya et al., 2015). Lack of accuracy in the kind of capturing may easily led to failure of a particular system. Privacy is considered to be one of the biggest concern in the kind of biometric solutions (Pathak et al., 2015). If somehow the server storing the biometric information is hacked in anyway then it may have led to serious kind of impact on a particular kind of individual. Any kind of error in biometric devices may led to false rejection and false kind of acceptance. This is mainly due to biometric technology which is unable to have an idea regarding the characteristic of a particular person for various kinds of reasons. There are certain number of steps which can be used for overcoming issues in biometric kind of authentication (Singh Kaur, 2016). Spoofing attack is considered to be well known kind of attack in which biometric of other persons are created. Another way for the implementation is the multifactor authentication which mainly requires multiple kind of identifiers on depending on certain number or level of risk. A false negative is a thing in biometric system when a particular kind of system fails to recognize the authenticity of an individual which might lead to something which is not happening in general (Khan, Hasan Xu, 2015). Depending on the thing there can be serious kinds of consequences like personal who is considered to have safety on the parameter of accessing inspite of guarding the whole kind of thing. On organizational level it can easily shut down the whole infrastructure and various kinds of things needed will be the data centers needed for restoring of various kinds of services. Transposition cipher is nothing but a simple scheme in which some of the plaintext are shifted in some kinds of regular pattern for forming cipher text. In some of the manual system transposition is generally carried out by making use of mnemonic. Simple frequency count can easily reveal to cryptanalyst. It generally has the same frequency in the cipher like some of the average in plaintext. And so simple rearrangement of various kinds of letters are possible in this. Simple distribution cipher is a kind of cypher which is being used for many years. It basically consists of plaintext character which are considered to be different from cipher text character. It is considered to be different from Caesar cipher in the context that cipher alphabet is not alphabet shifted instead of that is jumbled completely. Encrypted Text N T J W K H X K Corresponding numeric value 14 20 10 23 11 8 24 11 Key 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 Decoded from the substitution cipher 12 17 6 21 8 4 22 8 Caeser cipher shift 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Decoded from the caeser cipher 9 14 3 18 5 1 19 5 Decoded Text I N C R E A S E Encrypted Text A M K Corresponding numeric value 1 13 11 Key 4 2 3 Decoded from the substitution cipher 23 11 8 Caeser cipher shift 3 3 3 Decoded from the caeser cipher 20 8 5 Decoded Text T H E Encrypted Text W W U J J Y Z T X Corresponding numeric value 23 23 21 10 10 25 26 20 24 Key 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 Decoded from the substitution cipher 19 21 18 6 8 22 22 18 21 Caeser cipher shift 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Decoded from the caeser cipher 16 18 15 3 5 19 19 15 18 Decoded Text P R O C E S S O R Encrypted Text M W K X Z K U H E Corresponding numeric value 13 23 11 24 26 11 21 8 5 Key 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 Decoded from the substitution cipher 9 21 8 20 24 8 17 6 2 Caeser cipher shift 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Decoded from the caeser cipher 6 18 5 17 21 5 14 3 25 Decoded Text F R E Q U E N C Y Therefore, the decoded text for the cypher text for employees will increases the processor speed. References Hajare, U., Mahajan, R., Jadhav, S., Pingale, N., Salunke, S. (2018). Efficient Cash Withdrawal from ATM machine using Mobile Banking. Karovaliya, M., Karedia, S., Oza, S., Kalbande, D. R. (2015). Enhanced security for ATM machine with OTP and Facial recognition features.Procedia Computer Science,45, 390-396. Khan, R., Hasan, R., Xu, J. (2015, March). SEPIA: Secure-PIN-authentication-as-a-service for ATM using mobile and wearable devices. InMobile Cloud Computing, Services, and Engineering (MobileCloud), 2015 3rd IEEE International Conference on(pp. 41-50). IEEE. Koteswari, S., Paul, P. J. (2017). A Survey: Fusion of Fingerprint and Iris for ATM services. Onyesolu, M. O., Okpala, A. C. (2017). Improving Security Using a Three-Tier Authentication for Automated Teller Machine (ATM).International Journal of Computer Network and Information Security,9(10), 50. Pathak, S. K., Pathak, S. K., Mishra, M. K., Kesharwani, L., Gupta, A. K. (2015). Automated Teller Machine (ATM) Frauds and Security.EDITORIAL BOARD, 192. Singh, S., Kaur, S. (2016). Enhancing ATM Security Using Fusion of Biometric Techniques.IITM Journal of Management and IT,7(1), 79-82.

Homer Is All Mixed Up Essays - Odyssey, Ancient Greek Religion

Homer Is All Mixed Up Bruns 1 AP English 12 October 23, 2000 Homer is All Mixed Up Homers epic, the Odyssey, is a heroic narrative that follows the adventures of Odysseus, the powerful King of Ithaca. The main story involves Odysseuss return journey to his homeland after the Trojan War. However, Homer skips around in the action periodically to give the reader a better understanding and interest in what is going on in the epic. Homer takes his audience from the present action involving Telemakhos search for news of his fathers return, to the past where Odysseus tells the Phaiakians of his tragic journey home after the war. The events in Homers epic are not in order but still prove more effective at guiding the reader through the narrative. Although the events in the Odyssey are not in chronological order, the story line is enriched by Homers use of the in media res method because it introduces characters that were not involved in Odysseus adventure, because it shows the urgency of Odysseus return to his kingdom, and because it allows the reader to become more intere sted in the opening chapters without having to wait for a climax in the action. In media res is Latin for in the middle of the race which is a style used by Homer in the Odyssey when he begins the story in the middle of the action. In this way Homer is able to introduce major characters that would otherwise not be included in the narrative until the end of the epic. Three major characters introduced by this method are Telemakhos, Bruns 2 Odysseus son; Penelope, Odysseus wife; and the suitors, prominent young men of Ithaca who attempt to marry Penelope. Telemakhos is the first of these characters to be introduced. In lines 1-14 of book II he is introduced as a prominent young man as he enters the assembly spear in hand, with two quick hounds at heel; Athena lavished on him a sunlit grace that held the eye of the multitude. Old men made way for him as he took his fathers chair. Despite Telemakhos prominent figure in the opening lines of this book, it soon becomes obvious that he is not an extremely powerful figure. Telemakhos intends to expel the suitors from his home but he is not strong enough to fight them. It is important that the reader meets Telemakhos in the beginning because he is the main character in the Ithaca plot and also he must overcome obstacles at home foreshadowing the obstacles his father faces later in the epic. In lines 219-234 of book II he decides to go in search of news of his father. If he find s Odysseus is dead then he will give Penelope to another husband. Penelope is also introduced in book II. She is a wise woman who, out of love for Odysseus, procrastinates marrying another man. One instance of her defiance to the suitors occurs in lines 104-106 when she says Young men, my suitors, now my lord is dead, let me finish my weaving before I marry, or else my thread will have spun in vain. She intends to trick the suitors and weave very slowly so she does not have to marry. Finally the suitors are introduced in book II as well. The suitors are the young men who occupy Odysseus home, eat his food, consume his wealth, and attempt to woo Penelope. Homer does an outstanding job by introducing these characters at the beginning of the epic. This opens the readers eyes to a smaller subplot that is occurring Bruns 3 in Ithaca as Odysseus makes his way home. Homer introduces these characters and their concerns first so that the reader is not caught off guard later in the narrative when Odysseus finally does reach his homeland. These specific characters all play vital roles in the climax of the story and they are introduced early so that the reader can relate with their issues better later in the narrative. Homer also leaves the proper order of time in the Odyssey to show Odysseus urgency to return home to his beloved wife and kingdom. Odysseus faces many hardships on his journey home and could have easily given

Palenque Royal Tomb and Temple Inscriptions

Palenque Royal Tomb and Temple Inscriptions The Temple of the Inscription at Palenque is probably one of the most famous monuments of the whole Maya area. The temple is located on the southern side of the main plaza of Palenque. It owes its name to the fact that its walls are covered with one of the longest carved inscription of the Maya area, including 617 glyphs. The construction of the temple began around AD 675, by the important king of Palenque K’inich Janaab’ Pakal or Pakal the Great and was completed by his son Kan Balam II to honor his father, who died in A.D. 683. The temple sits atop a stepped pyramid of eight superimposed levels that reach a height of 21 meters (ca 68 feet). On its back wall, the pyramid is adjoined to a natural hill. The temple itself is composed by two passageways divided by a series of pillars, covered by a vaulted roof. The temple has five doorways, and the pillars that form the doorways are decorated with stucco images of Palenque’s main gods, Pakal’s mother, Lady Sak K’uk’, and Pakal’s son Kan Balam II. The roof of the temple is decorated with a roof comb, a construction element typical of Palenque’s architecture. Both the temple and pyramid were covered by a thick layer of stucco and painted, most likely painted red, as was common for many Maya buildings. The Temple of the Inscriptions Today Archaeologists agree that the temple had at least three construction phases, and all of them are visible today. The eight levels of the stepped pyramid, the temple, and the narrow stairway at its center correspond to the earliest construction phase, whereas the wider eight steps at the base of the pyramid, along with the nearby balustrade and platform were built during to a later phase. In 1952, the Mexican archaeologist Alberto Ruz Lhuillier, who was in charge of the excavation work, noticed that one of the slabs that covered the floor of the temple presented one hole at each corner that could be used to lift the stone. Lhuillier and his crew lifted the stone and encountered a steep stairway filled with rubble and stones that went many meters down into the pyramid. Removing the backfill from the tunnel took almost two years, and, in the process, they encountered many offerings of jade, shell, and pottery that speak to the importance of the temple and pyramid. The Royal Tomb of Pakal the Great Lhuilliers stairway ended about 25 meters (82 feet) below the surface and at its end, the archaeologists found a large stone box with the bodies of six sacrificed individuals. On the wall next to the box on the left side of the room, a large triangular slab covered the access to the funerary chamber of K’inich Janaab’ Pakal, king of Palenque from AD 615 to 683. The funerary chamber is a vaulted room of about 9 x 4 meters (ca 29 x 13 feet). At its center sits the large stone sarcophagus made out of a single limestone slab. The surface of the stone block was carved to house the body of the king and it was then covered by a stone slab. Both the stone slab and the sides of the sarcophagus are covered with carved images portraying human figures emerging from trees. Pakals Sarcophagus The most famous part is the carved image represented on the top of the slab that covers the sarcophagus. Here, the three levels of the Maya worldthe sky, the earth, and the underworldare connected by a cross representing the tree of life, from which Pakal seems to emerge to new life. This image has often been dubbed â€Å"the astronaut† by pseudoscientists, who tried to prove that this individual was not the Maya king but an extraterrestrial who reached the Maya area and shared his knowledge with the ancient inhabitants and for this reason was considered a deity. A rich series of offerings accompanied the king in his travel to the afterlife. The sarcophagus lid was covered with jade and shell ornaments, elegant plates and vessels were disposed in front and around the walls of the chamber, and at its southern side was recovered the famous stucco head portraying Pakal. Within the sarcophagus, the body of the king was adorned with the famous jade mask, along with jade and shell earplugs, pendants, necklaces, bracelets, and rings. In his right hand, Pakal held a squared piece of jade and in his left one a sphere of the same material. Source Martin Simon and Nikolai Grube, 2000, Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens, Thames and Hudson, London

Mechanical Engineer Technology Career Investigation Report Essay

Mechanical Engineer Technology Career Investigation Report - Essay Example My career objectives on graduation includes to develop to professional height that demands skills, capabilities, efficiency, and responsibility developed through my professional study. To demonstrate integrity, honesty, commitment and excellence. To practice legally and facilitate the growth of employer and grow with it. I developed interest in knowing how things work at a very young age from my toys some of which operated just with a press of a button. This always obsessed me to the level of dismantling them in trying to understand the mechanisms behind their operation. My desire to invent equipments that can make our world to be a better place is still dominant in me and I always wish to come up with new technology and improve the existing ones. One of my biggest strength is drawing ability, out of which I won many awards in high school, mathematics, computer programming, designing objects at my level and trying to improve the previous ones. I wish to have a chance to explore these

Discussion unit 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion unit 8 - Essay Example Paragraph 1 is much more successful in conveying ideas concerning Charles Derber’s analysis. By avoiding choppy sentences paragraph 1 enables readers to more naturally follow its points and stay engaged. It helps to establish a sense of reliability and formality within the paragraph as well. Writing full sentences with related ideas instead of choppy disconnected sentences is discussed in section 14 of the Clarity reading. Also in section 14, the reading explains the importance of coordinating equal ideas. The sentence, â€Å"In spite of â€Å"popping drugs† (Derber 41), killing people, and plotting revenge, the characters remain the heroes of their shows,† is an example of two well-coordinated ideas. The writer’s ability to coordinate effectively is yet another attribute that adds to the clarity of the paragraph. In the sentence, â€Å"Just as Vic Mackey’s drug abuse is accepted on The Shield, excessive drinking is routine on The Bachelor,† the coordinated relationship between the two examples is clear. Throughout the paragraph, the author has already established the concept of accepting typically anti-social behavior. This sentence not only helps the paragraph move on to begin a deeper discussion on reality TV but also establishes the foundation for how reality TV is linked to Derber’s concepts. By not simply using and the writer highlights the importance of the relationship. Finally, the strong use of parallel ideas, discussed in section 9, helps to emphasize several similar ideas in once sentence such as, â€Å"†¦characters get away with aberrant, violent, and anti-social acts.† By following these rules for writing, paragraph 1 flows much better than paragraph 2. Paragraph 2 is unsuccessful. It uses choppy sentences which fail to engage the reader and inhibit the natural flow of writing. By combining several into one, choppy sentences are eliminated and ideas can be

Strategic Workforce Planning and Employment Decisions

Strategic Workforce Planning and Employment Decisions Strategic Workforce Planning involves analyzing and forecasting the talent that companies need to execute their business strategy, proactively rather than reactively, it is a critical strategic activity, enabling the organization to identify, develop and sustain the workforce skills it needs to successfully accomplish its strategic intent whilst balancing career and lifestyle goals of its employees. Strategic Workforce Planning is a relatively new management process that is being used increasingly to help control labour costs, assess talent needs, make informed business decisions, and assess talent market risks as part of overall enterprise risk management. Strategic workforce planning is aimed at helping companies make sure they have the right people in the right place at the right time and at the right price Through Strategic Workforce Planning organizations gain insight into what people the organization will need, and what people will be available to meet those needs. In creating this understanding of the gaps between an organizations demand and the available workforce supply, organizations will be able to create and target programmes, approaches and develop strategies to close the gaps. Steps in Workforce Planning 1. Environment Scan ENVIRONMENT ÂÂ  SCANNING ÂÂ  is a form of business intelligence. In the context of Workforce Planning it is used to identify the set of facts or circumstances that surround a workforce situation or event. 2. Current Workforce Profile Current State is a profile of the demand and supply factors both internally and externally of the workforce the organization has today. 3. Future Workforce View View is determining the organizations needs considering the emerging trends and issues identified during the Environment Scanning. Future View is often where the different approaches identified above are applied: Quantitative futuring: understanding the future you are currently tracking to by forecasting; Qualitative futuring: scenario planning potential alternative futures in terms of capabilities and demographics to deliver the business strategy. 4. Analysis and Targeted Future Qualitative and quantitative futuring creates the content for an organizational unit to analyse and identify critical elements. As the critical elements are identified the Targeted Future begins to take form. The targeted future is the future that the organization is going to target as being the best fit in terms of business strategy and is achievable given the surrounding factors (internal/external, supply/demand). 5. Closing the Gaps Closing the gaps is about the people management (human resources) programs and practices that deliver the workforce needed for today and tomorrow. The process is about determining appropriate actions to close the gaps and therefore deliver the targeted future. There are 8 key areas that Closing the Gaps needs to focus on Resourcing, Learning and Development, Remuneration, Industrial Relations, Recruitment, Retention, Knowledge Management, Job design. Strategy Development Develop strategies for workforce transition. Basic Information to Include in the Workforce Plan: List specific goals to address workforce competency gaps or surpluses (may include the following): Changes in organizational structure Succession planning Retention programs Recruitment plans Career development programs Leadership development Organizational training and employee development Understand how the legal and organisational frameworks for employment of staff Evaluate the current legal requirements influencing a HR plan Describe a process for recruitment and selection of new staff (external candidates) that complies with current legislation and organisational requirements Ans2 Human resources are the participants as also the beneficiaries of economic development process. In that, human resources figure on the demand as well as the supply side of production of goods and services in the economy. On the demand side, goods and services produced are used by the human beings to alleviate poverty, improve health, generate better living conditions, enhance general educational levels and provide better facilities for training. Utilisation of goods and services thus leads to an improvement of quality of human resources. On the supply side, human resources and capital form essential ingredients of production systems which transform natural and physical resources into goods and services. Complementarily between human resources and capital is so close that optimal increases in output and hence optimal economic growth is not possible through increases in one of them either human resources or capital at the cost of the other. ÂÂ  Some growth of course can be had from the increase in more conventional capital even though the labour that is available is lacking both in skill and knowledge. But the rate of growth will be seriously limited. It simply is not possible to have the fruits of modern agriculture and the abundance of modern industry without making large investments in human beings. There is an optimal ratio of human resources to capital which has to be maintained to reach the attainable rate of economic growth. Given the endowment of capital and other material resources, human resources could accelerate the production process and hence economic growth. At the same time, unprecedented growth in human resources, disproportionate to the pattern of accumulation of capital and other material resources could hinder development. Rate of growth in human resources, in turn, is determined by the two dimensions of human resources: Quantity and Quality. Quantity of human resources is determined by variables such as: population policy, population structure, migration, and labour force participation. Quality of human resources, on the other hand, is influenced by the status of variables like: education and training health and nutrition, and equality of opportunity. In this Unit we will take into account the two dimensions of human resources: Quantity and Quality in context of HRP in general and also in tourism. 1. QUANTITATIVE DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING Human resources viewed as the productive power of human beings constitute only one of the two parts of population of any economy. The other being the human beings without any productive power. Population Population of a country, in a generic sense, is taken as constituting the totality of all human beings of the country. The concept of population, viewed in this manner, appears to be very simple. However, in reality, the definitions used vary not only from country to country but even within a country depending on the purpose of enquiry. Broadly, the definitions of population used may be categorised into de facto and de jure. A de facto (or present-in-area) concept involves complete count of all persons residents and non-residents alike physically present in the country at the time of enumeration. A de jure concept necessitates complete count of all persons considered to be normal residents of the country, irrespective of where each person is located, at the time of the census. Strict conformity to either of these concepts is not possible because of difficulties in enumeration like: nationals living abroad, nomadic population, inhabitants in extremely remote areas, and population in disturbed areas. Added to this, are the administrative difficulties logistic, financial and human of recording everyone at the same time. There is thus a degree of inaccuracy in the census of population of any country. The greater the number to be counted and/or the larger the area to be covered the larger is the degree of inaccuracy. Human resources being an integral part of population, growth of human resources is naturally dependent on the growth of population. Population growth, in turn, is determined by three factors: Population policies, population structure and migration. a) Population Policies In terms of State intervention in population planning, it is useful to distinguish between population influencing policies and population responsive policies. The former are anticipatory in nature and operate through the demographic sub-system by influencing factors primarily responsible for population growth such as fertility, marriage and mortality. The latter are essentially reactive in character which are often implemented through the socio-economic sub-system to accommodate or adjust to observed demographic trends with the help of programmes like health, nutrition, education, housing, transport network expansion and employment promotion. In an over-populated economy, sufficiently robust population influencing policies along with appropriate population responsive policies (complementary in nature) might be the optimal population policy framework. In any case, understanding the structure and pattern of growth of population is essential for evolving an appropriate combination of population influencing and population responsive policies towards achieving an optimal population policy framework. b) Population Structure Population is a dynamic concept. Consequently, structure or composition of population at any point of time reveals two things: First, it is the result of interaction in the past among factors causing population growth. Second, it reveals the potential for future growth in population. In so far as population growth is concerned, there are two aspects of population composition which are most important: Sex composition and age composition: i) Sex Composition The principal measure of sex composition is the sex ratio defined as the number males per 100 females. In other words: Number of males in the population Sex ratio = ÃÆ'- 100 Number of females in the population One hundred is the point of balance between males and females. A sex rate above 100 denotes an excess of males. Likewise, a sex ratio below 100 indicates an excess of females. In general sex ratios tend to range between 95 to 102. Heavy war losses, heavy migration and local social considerations such as female infanticide may upset the sex ratio. In any case a sex ratio outside the range of 90 to105 is to be viewed with suspicion. Starting point for all population projections is the projection of female population on whom crucially the number of births will depend. Higher the female population, higher will be the number of births and hence the higher will be the population growth. Sex composition thus indicates the potential future growth in population. ii) Age Composition Age composition is the distribution of population by age groups usually five year age groups. Age composition at any given point of time is the result of past trends in fertility and mortality and is also the basis for establishing future trends. In the computation rate of growth of population, future births are usually computed by applying five year age specific fertility rates to the women of child bearing age (10 to 49 years) at the midpoint of each five-years time interval. Data on age composition is also useful in the computation and analysis of labour supply. Economically active age-group is considered to be 15 to 65 years. Population in the age group crucially determines the extent and composition of labour force. c) Migration Age and sex composition are indicative of only the natural growth in population. Another factor which causes changes in population is the net migration. If the net migration is positive, the population grows at a rate faster than that indicated by natural growth. On the contrary, if the net migration is negative it causes decline in the rate of growth indicated by the natural growth. Movements from and to other regions within the country are termed as out-migration and in-migration, respectively, and these movements together are known as internal migration. Data on internal migration are useful, when it is intended to analyse population changes at provincial level or some other administrative level. Internal migration is a function of the inter-regional and inter-sectoral rates of growth and wage differentials. Movement across national boundaries causes changes in the population at the national level. The effect of international migration on the national population is measured by the rate of net-migration defined as: Total immigrants Total emigrants Rate of net migration = ÃÆ'- 1000 Mid-year population Rate of population increase at any point of time equals the rate of natural increase plus the rate of net migration. Labour Force Participation Population change as such do not cause changes in human resources. Rather it is the change in the economically active component of population which affects growth in the human resources. In terms of economic activity classification, population may be divided into workers and non-workers. Worker is defined as a person whose main activity is participation in economically productive work by his or her mental or physical presence. Work involves not only actual work but also effective supervision and direction. Workers thus defined, others in the population are considered as non-workers. For the purpose of elaboration non-workers may be categorised as: full-time students, persons engaged in household duties, infants and dependents doing no work, retired persons and renters living on rent on an agricultural or non-agricultural royalty, beggars, vagrants and others with unspecified sources of income, inmates of penal, charitable and metal institutions, unemployed but available for work, and others. Labour force or economically active population is that segment of the population whose function is to produce goods and services demanded by the whole population. Usually, those aged 15-64 years are considered to be in the productive age-group. However, not everyone in the productive age-group is effectively in the labour force. According to the accepted definition, labour force comprises all persons of either sex who furnish the supply of labour available for the production of economic goods and services including: employers, employees, self-employed persons, and those engaged in family enterprises without pay. In other words, labour-force may be defined as comprising workers and non-workers in the productive age-group who are unemployed but available for work. Labour-force participation rate is then defined as Labour force Labour force participation rate = ÃÆ'- 100 Total population Tourism In the case of international or domestic tourism it is not just the labour force that participates in the production of goods and services but the entire host population of the destination has a role to play. This is because besides the economic activity, attitudes of the host population matter a lot in creating an environment which is tourist and tourism friendly. There are destinations where the population plays host to tourists numbering four times more than its own numbers and each and every member of the population has some role in this regard a friendly smile too has a role. Many countries and destinations have earned a brand image in hospitality. Hence, human resource planners lay stress on creating tourism awareness including dos and donts vis-Ã  -vis tourists for the entire host population. Moreover, there are destinations where, quantitatively speaking, the whole population is involved in tourism both, directly as well as through indirect employment. But beyond a point, i t is the qualitative dimension that matters and converting quantity into quality is the real challenge in HRD. While the quantitative dimensions assist in the analysis of human resources in terms of numbers, qualitative dimensions facilitate assessment and analysis of the productive power in human resources. For example, four hundred drivers may be available to a tourist transport operator but he may find only 20 out of these which meet the quality standards in relation to driving skills required for handling tourist coaches. i) Education and Training Education and training are the most dominant dimensions affecting quality of human resources in terms of knowledge and skills. Education and training serve both individual and social ends. To an individual, it has both vocational and cultural significance in achieving economic emancipation and social up gradation. To the society, education and training are means which make possible to take advantage of technological changes as well as furthering technological progress. Depending on the methods of imparting knowledge and skills, education and training may be classified into two types: Formal and Informal. Formal education and training, which is imparted through schools and colleges, emphasises transfer of knowledge. Informal education and training such as on-the-job training and hereditary training lays stress on transfer of skills, i.e., practical application of knowledge. Education and training as a means of human resources planning involve critical choices, as no country can have all education and training. Rather, it is essential to identify priorities in education and training, emphasise programmes which have high priority and tone down or even discard programmes with a low priority. As far as development of education and training is concerned there are six choice areas which are critical: Choice between levels of education such as primary, secondary and higher education. Choice between quality and quantity in education and training. Choice between science and technology on the one hand, and humanities and liberal arts on the other hand. Choice between market forces and incentives to attract people into some occupations. Choice between the aspirations of individuals and needs of the society. ii) Health and Nutrition Health and nutrition status constitutes one of the most important indicators of quality of human resource, as they contribute significantly to building and maintaining a productive human resource as well as improving average expectation of life and quality of life. There are three determinants of health status: Purchasing power of people. Public sanitation, climate and availability of medical facilities. Peoples knowledge and understanding of health hygiene and nutrition. Education, health and nutrition are inter-linked and they complement each other in the process of human resources development. iii) Equality of Opportunity Investments in human resources development do not always ensure proportionate development of all sections of population. In the absence of deliberate policy intervention, there are bound to be discriminations. We can say that there are three distinct forms of discriminations which are relevant to developing nations: Social discrimination may take either the form of sex discrimination or discrimination among different social groups or both. For example, a few years back the air hostesses of a particular airlines petitioned in the court because their retirement age was earlier than of their male counterparts. The court upheld their petition and now the retirement age of both male and female air hostesses is same. Economic discrimination takes place largely among groups of population belonging to different economic strata classified in terms of either income generating assets. Regional discrimination can be in the form of either discrimination between rural and urban population or discrimination among population belonging to different regions. These three forms of discriminations individually and/or jointly lead to inequality of opportunities of varying degree among different sections of population. Discrimination of any form causes differential access to education and training, and health and nutrition. This in turn leads to differences in quality and productivity of human resources belonging to different segments of the population with the privileged benefiting the most and under privileged being deprived of their due share in the development process. Opportunity costs of discrimination are very high, as it leads to many social and economic evils apart from retarding the pace of economic development. It has been demonstrated that the national output can be further expanded by improving the average level of productivity of each individual through appropriate social and economic policies directed towards equality to opportunity in the fields of education and health. Tourism has long been recognised as a tool for economic growth and development. However, it can be beneficial to the host economies when it creates jobs for the locals. Here qualitative dimensions of HRD become an important factor for education and training of local population as per the requirements of responsible tourism development. The dimensions, attributes and distribution of population the product of whose labour adds to national wealth constitute human resources. They are thus, the participants and beneficiaries of economic development. The demographic profile, migration and mobility and participation patterns in economic activity determine the quantitative aspects of actual and potential human resources. Investments in education and training, health and nutrition, and social welfare and quality promote quality of human resources through enhanced labour productivity. While quantitative and qualitative dimensions only regulate supply of human resources, the other aspect of human resources planning namely the demand for human resources crucially depends on the functioning and flexibility of labour markets. Labour market analysis is a principal instrument of human resources planning, as it helps identify skill shortages and also enables a diagnosis of market failure to match labour supply with demand. To facilitate labour market analysis, there is a need for a comprehensive and regularly updated labour market information system. 1) The variables for determining the quantitative and qualitative dimension of human resource planning are: Quantitative Population policy, Population structure, Migration, and Labour force participation. Qualitative Education and training, Health and nutrition, and Equality of opportunity Understand the effect of the organisation environment on staff Discuss Assess work life balance issues and the changing patter of work practices Importance of HR PLANNING in ÂÂ  organizations. Each Organisation needs personnel with necessary qualifications, skills, knowledge, experience aptitude . Need for Replacement of Personnel ÂÂ  Replacing old, retired or disabled personnel. Meet manpower shortages due to labour turnover Meet needs of expansion / downsizing programmes Cater to Future Personnel Needs Nature of present workforce in relation with Changing Environment helps to cope with changes in competitive forces, markets, technology, products and government regulations. Shift in demand from ERP to internet programming has increased internet programmers i) quantify job for producing product / service ii) quantify people positions required ii) determine future staff-mix iii) assess staffing levels to avoid unnecessary costs iv) reduce delays in procuring staff v) prevent shortage / excess of staff vi) comply with legal requirements In organisational development, succession planning is the process of identifying and preparing suitable employees, through mentoring, training and job rotation, to replace key personnel within an organisation if they leave. All employers need to consider the issue of succession planning to ensure that no part of the business is at risk should a particular member of staff leave the organisation. With good succession planning, employees are ready for new leadership roles as the need arises. Moreover, when someone leaves, a current employee is ready to step up to the plate. In addition, succession planning can help develop a diverse workforce, allowing decision makers to look at the future make-up of the organisation as a whole. Develop a succession plan for internal replacements, and if you will need to hire, think about the type of person or skills you will need so that if the situation arises you have already done some of the groundwork. In your succession plan you may wish to consider: staff interchange where employees swap jobs within the organisation in order to have experience in multiple positions; formal or informal mentoring ÂÂ  arrangements; coaching of staff; identification of suitable professional development activities for high-performing staff; making agreements to introduce flexible working arrangements; creating forward-thinking internal promotion policies; supporting staff to take increased responsibility; the allocation of higher-grade duties or assignments. Understand the grievance, discipline and dismissal process Identify the process to be followed in a grievance situation Describe the stages of a discipline issue that results in dismissal Explain the role of ACAS, Employment tribunals and other external agencies that could be involved in grievance, discipline and dismissal processes Process Steps There are four main grievance process steps: discovery, conciliation, internal review and arbitration. A summary of what happens at each of these step appears below. Click on a link here, or at the bottom of the page, to see a full discussion of what happens at that step in the grievance process. Discovery The date when the grieving faculty member (grievant) discovered, or reasonably could have discovered, the circumstances leading to the grievance. Conciliation The informal, confidential effort to resolve the grievance between the faculty member and the Board at the lowest possible administrative level before a formal grievance can be filed. This effort is normally assisted by a FA-appointed campus conciliator. Internal Review Hearing An informal meeting scheduled by the college president, or the presidents designee. The president listens to the grievant, the responding administrator and their representatives as they address the allegations contained in a timely Notice of Grievance that has been filed with the District. The president writes an Internal Review Hearing decision regarding the Notice of Grievance allegations. Arbitration Hearing A formal hearing before an arbitrator chosen from a list of seven possible candidates supplied by the State Conciliation Service. Legal counsel represents both parties and all testimony by witnesses is under oath. After reviewing evidence, testimony and argument briefs from both parties, the arbitrator renders a written decision that is binding on both parties. Disciplinary and grievance procedures provide a clear and transparent framework to deal with difficulties which may arise as part of their working relationship from either the employers or employees perspective. They are necessary to ensure that everybody is treated in the same way in similar circumstances, to ensure issues are dealt with fairly and reasonably, and that employers are compliant with current legislation and follow the Acas Code of Practice for handling disciplinary and grievance issues. Disciplinary procedures are needed: So employees know what is expected of them in terms of standards of performance or conduct (and the likely consequences of continued failure to meet these standards). To identify obstacles to individuals achieving the required standards (for example training needs, lack of clarity of job requirements, additional support needed) and take appropriate action. As an opportunity to agree suitable goals and timescales for improvement in an individuals performance or conduct. To try to resolve matters without recourse to an employment tribunal. As a point of reference for an employment tribunal should someone make a complaint about the way they have been dismissed. Grievance procedures are needed: To provide individuals with a course of action should they have a complaint (which they are unable to resolve through regular communication with their line manager). To provide points of contact and timescales to resolve issues of concern. To try to resolve matters without recourse to an employment tribunal. The legal position The statutory procedures for handling discipline and grievance issues introduced in October 2004 were widely criticised andÂÂ  were repealed in their entirety with effect from 6 April 2009. (Those in Northern Ireland should note that the Employment Act 2008, which repealed th statutory procedures, is not applicable there the Department for Employment and Learning has published detailed guidance From 6 April 2009 the important provisions governing discipline and grievances at work are to be found in: The Employment Act 2008 The Employment Tribunals (Constitution and Rules of Procedure) (Amendment) Regulations 2008. Numerous other pieces of legislation cross refer to discipline and grievance issues. Some important examples include the: The Employment Rights Act 1996 as amended The Employment Rights Dispute Resolution Act 1998 The Employment Relations Act 1999 The Employment Rights Act 2004. Employers own disciplinary, grievance and dismissal procedures and the Acas Code of PracticeÂÂ  are essential to ensure that good dispute handling behaviour is adopted. The role of the Acas Code of Practice The Acas Code of Practice Disciplinary and Grievance Procedures was revised to reflect the removal of the statutory procedures andÂÂ  a new version1 came into force on 6 April 2009. CIPD endorses the Code. Following it is crucially important for employers: an employment tribunal will consider whether the employer has followed the Code and, if they have not, then the tribunal may adjust any awards made by up to 25% for unreasonable failure to comply. In situations where the trigger event occurs on or after 6 April 2009, an employment tribunal will considerÂÂ  whether the employer has followed the Acas Code and, if they have not, then the tribunal may adjust any awards made by up to 25% for unreasonable failure to comply. CIPD members can find out more on the content of the Code, the legal aspects of this topic and likely future developments from our FAQ on Discipline and grievances procedures in the Employment Law at Work area of our websi