Concepts and Features in Bookkeeping

Concepts and Features in Bookkeeping1. Name two (2) business organisation pauperizationfully relating to bookkeepingBusiness bespeaks result vary according to what type of business it is. Accurate save and maintenance of transactions is a business necessity relating to bookkeeping a nonher is compliance with legal requirements. As a bookkeeper you ar required to be up to appointment with legislation related with bookkeeping to sacrifice sure you atomic number 18 able to do certain tasks and if the business possessor is being ethical.2. Why is clarifying business rents and expectations distinguished?It specifys it easier for you to understand and contact your role efficiently and effectively within the business. You need to have a clear understanding on what the owner of the business expects of you and whether you atomic number 18 able to fulfil your role.3. Name four (4) customary roles and responsibilities of a bookkeeperAccounts payable Receive and record invoic es from suppliersAccounts receivable Prepare and ventilate invoices to debtorsAccounts to trial balancePetty cash reconciliation and processing.4. Why is it important for a bookkeeper to define their roles and responsibilities with the business owner?The business owner volition already have thought about what they require from the bookkeeper. So to make sure you are suitable for the job you need to have your role defined. Do you neck the software product or do you need a refresher course, do you need more(prenominal) or less(prenominal) additive training. Do you have the certification or are there any licensing requirements. To have an understanding of what the owner expects of the bookkeeper is crucial to doing your job effectively.5. Name two (2) consequences that whitethorn occur when a bookkeeper completes activities that fall outside their roles and responsibilities.They may incur penalties through breaches of certain acts for instance if they were to lodge a tax form w hen they are not a registered tax agent.You may be unsure of how to complete that job efficiently and have the run a risk of making a mistake. For instance you are asked to analyse a report and you are not rightfully sure of what the report means but you go ahead and touch the owner advice. This can give the owner incorrect data of where his business is going which could lead him to make bad decisions for the business.6. Provide an precedent of an activity that falls outside the responsibilities of a bookkeeper. diagnose an alternative reserver for that activity.Installing certain software on the computer for example anti-virus software that you hit the hay nothing about. In this instance you would use an I.T professional.7. let off what meshings are and give an example of a networking group that you would advise your client to join.Networks are about a group of people coming together to exchange ideas which can be valuable to the business. Networks are open and curbe d with the purpose of promoting business needs. Informal networks are contacts that have their own business contacts that they may disc all everyplace you to give unbiased advice. It is faithful business practice to refer the business owner to applicable networks for push input some such instances may be an I.T specialist that you know who comes highly recommended or an accountant that you have heard is very good. You may refer these contacts when the client is looking for accounting software. The accountant you know may have worked with this software before and he recommended the I.T specialist who installed it. You may add the software suppliers to that network as well.8. Outline a strategy a bookkeeper could implement in order to ensure their current professional development. Explain in your answer how this professional development can be implemented.You go out need to progress a strategy, planning and documenting as you go. De confinesine learning objectives and outcome s required and maintain your existing skills. Identify the pathways you have as an option to achieve these strategys because plan and implement your strategy. For example your employer wants to change over to a current accounting software. You would then have to research where, when and how you are going to learn this sweet software and what all the options are to suit your working lifestyle. Are you going to have to train new staff and how can you implement this. What networks are available to help you along the way. What resources are required and what pre-requisites if any are there? After making a plan you would have to sit down with your employer to establish how this plan is going to be implemented. Is he going to pay for the course if there is iodin? volition this be done on your own condemnation or will he compensate for the time required to learn the new software?9. Briefly explain how a bookkeeper can establish and maintain an effective working relationship with clie nts.To maintain an effective working relationship with your employer you need to be cognizant of your role they have set out for you with in the business. They will have a clear monetary goal for their business and as a bookkeeper you will aid in developing that plan, you will need to continue your professional development to support the desired outcome and priorities of the business. By doing this you are maintaining a good working relationship with your client. It is good practice to ask for feedback from your clients to ensure they are happy with your services and make changes to your service, to tender a service that your clients will be happy with. To think that no feedback is good feedback is not a good way to achieve personal development. Feedback allows you to get a line and act on opportunities to improve your development. This will encourage growth by allowing you to approach new tasks or existing tasks in a divergent manner, improve communication between yourself and the relevant parties and lead to expanding the range of services you offer. You also need to be adaptable to change, develop your ability to apply the skills and knowledge gained, implement change, keep your knowledge up to date and monitor the relevant business needs.10. If a bookkeeper has a problem with a client not handing over their paysheet records, what strategies can they implement to ensure that correct records are received and compliance requirements are met?You need to set up a bookkeeping system to ensure compliance requirements of the business are being met at all times. For example confidentiality of financial information is protected. Financial information is easily entrancewayible for relevant parties, financial information is stored and maintained in an organised and secure manner, non-compliance is identified and dealt with in a by the way and effective manner, roles and responsibilities are clear, the business stays up to date with changes to laws as they are i ntroduced and transactions are recorded accurately and in an efficient and timely manner. Establishing a system that is clear to your client and yourself will eliminate confusion of compliance on all bookkeeping matters.You would need to carry out some research this may include speaking to the accounting association and payroll experts and other relevant contacts with in your networks. The aim here is to identify the legal requirements and how they relate to this particular business. During this analysis you will need to identify any existing related policies, obstacles and implementation issues foreseen. Does the business have policies and procedures related to payroll? If so what are they and are the legal requirements up to date? If there are changes or introductions to new payroll laws then you would need to identify the relevant parties that may be inciteed and whose support is necessary to develop a policy change. Once the policy is approved by the appropriate person it will then need to be communicated to all payroll staff and any training if necessary to implement the procedures that relate to payroll policy to ensure compliance with the policy and legislation. It is important to have good communication with the business owner and accountant to ensure the business needs are met. Planning, gathering information, documentation and testing are important functions in the process.11. Identify at least two (2) bookkeeping associations that a bookkeeper would find useful and explain the benefits of belonging to that association. List the criteria for membership.The Australian Bookkeepers Association is governed by bookkeepers, is 100% Australian. The governance structure allows for greater conflict from members. Voting ABA members receive a reduction in the required hours of relevant experience when applying for or variety a BAS agent registration with the Tax Practitioners Board from 1400 to 1000 hours. Representation in more arenas that affect you as a bo okkeeper. They focus on training and learning. You are given the opportunity to become more involved in your profession. You have a chance to have your voice heard and ideas presented to appropriate bodies, organisations and disposal departments. Membership is open to bookkeepers at all stages of business for $462 per stratum which is tax deductable. You will have access to a library of technical publications and be able to network with the bookkeeping community. You can get one on one support from a team of experts and get a members only deal on Indemnity insurance for bookkeepers.At the Institute of Certified Bookkeepers you can gain certified bookkeeper status through accredited prior learning, work experience or ICB examinations. ICB member benefits are all about resources, items, benefits that presently add value to the ICB Member. In some occurrences they are commercial advantage but most are related to the Bookkeeper being better at what they do. As a member you have Prac tical, usable, everyday help. An drawn-out knowledge base, information library, how to guides, checklists and templates. Phone, email and web-based support for all bookkeepers provided by bookkeepers. Accessing a network of experts when required. Updates News, from the website or from fond media, stay right up to date with developments in the bookkeeping community. ICB generated and monitored access to the most appropriate schooling and training for bookkeepers. Enhance your professional image by adopting a emailprotected email. Template newsletters provided to you for tailoring, personalising and providing to your clients. Access the newsletter information by podcast allowing you to listen at your leisure, along with many more member benefits. There are polar levels of membership that require different prices for example where membership is sought based on qualifications The Certificate IV must have been awarded within the past two years in order to stand alone, other than a b ookkeeper knowledge assessment will be required.http//www.icb.org.au/ accessed 15/02/2017http//www.austbook.net/aba/ accessed 15/02/201712. Search bookkeeper engagement letter to find sample engagement letters. Engagement letters outline the terms and conditions under which the bookkeeper will provide services and the limit of those services. List 4 matters covered in an engagement letter and explain why it is important that both the bookkeeper and potential client, before signing, seek feedback on any matter covered in this document.One term in the engagement letter is the services you go for to provide to the business. This is important so that the client understands what your role will be in their business and what services you are able to provide and what you cannot provide. For example you may not be a registered Tax agent so therefore the client cannot expect you to lodge their tax. You will have in detail the services you can provide.Another term would be the client/business owner responsibilities, which may include paperwork relating to the transactions for the month or quarter, ongoing access to the business software, bank statements, credit card statements etc. You may also have something stating the client is to answer queries as required and that ABNs of suppliers be checked at least once a year to ensure they are valid. A gestural authority by the business owner to enable you as a bookkeeper to contact the tax agent via phone or email as required. Other signed authorisations enabling you to make payments on their behalf.Terms of Engagement will have your service fees that the client will sign to say they agree with your fee and when it will be paid, any late fees and other surplus terms if payment is not met.Confidentiality will be a term regarding all matters connected with and relating to the business, where you agree to not disclose any information to anyone without being authorised to do so in makeup or unless legally required.After you and your client have both read and agreed to the terms and conditions of your usage you will both sign the engagement letter. This is important to formalise your business relationship. This letter seals the deal, articulates and solidifies expectations of both contractile organ and client. This will stand as a contract between you and your client and can protect your interests as you move forward in your business. It is important to discuss the letter before signing in case there is anything you have missed or neglected to include in the letter, this will avoid error as to what you have agreed to do. It will provide your client with the opportunity to ask for any supererogatory services upfront if necessary, and it protects you from doing work you had not originally planned to.

Housing Policy And Strategy Coursework Sociology Essay

Housing Policy And dodge Coursework Sociology EssayThe form _or_ system of government exchange call up tank reaps a compelling argument, for change is needed in much(prenominal) a time of economic uncertainty and Britains lodgment crisis could become stagnate and a multiplication could pass onwards clear is found. The lodgement minister in England Grant Shapps said the proposal from the policy exchange was blindingly obvious but on the other hand Former Deputy Prime minister Lord Prescott depict it on Twitter as sanctioned gerrymandering (The Guardian Monday 20th August 2012 http//www.guardian.co.uk/ family/2012/aug/20/sell- fond- trapping-fund-homes) I believe a wad of things pass water to go to intention for this to follow through, cooking procedures, cost of production and lack of delays, its al well and dependable making this suggestion but I believe its slightly flawed, I do agree with aspects but with the over altogether plan a lot more research would need done .Hosing associations engage come d admit very hard on this tribute to create the largest social house building programme since the 1970s the National Housing coalition described the idea as fundamentally flawed, some working tribe can non afford their own home and with this testimonial warns these people go forth be out priced even in the private market. National Housing Federation chief Executive David Orr said, It could effectively cleanse many towns of hard working people who simply camber afford the high prices of buying or renting privately(Rural Services Network 21st August 2012 http//www.rsnonline.org.uk/ participation/flawed-plan-to-sell-social-housing)All judicature has flaws, no matter who is in place, the orthodoxs who argon in a coalition with the on the loose(p) Democrats at this time do non benefit the poorer parts of society. From the 1980s when Margaret Thatcher was in occasion it look onmed to be the case with social policy the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer, when Labour came linchpin into power near the late 90s I believe they did their best to even out this unfair balance deep down social society, now that the conservatives are back in power they have not changed their rooms, with this policy passport the poorest in society will unfortunately bear the effects of this.Labour claim that the tories are failing to build social housing for the poorest people, under coalition government new social build and has move by 91%, from 35600 to 3,305 so for this policy think tank to suggest that 170,000 homes could be build between 2011 to 2015 is a mad suggestion giving that this 91% fall could not just be a one off for one year. Labour believe lack of planning permission and keep whitethorn not cause an upsurge any time soon. Also giving that the coalition government cut the capital grant for social housing by 63% in 2010 so wherefore the sudden change in creating the largest social building programme since the 70 s? (http//www.guardian.co.uk/society/2012/aug/28/tories-failing-social-homes-labour)To back up the claim of this report not encourageing the poor, the report suggests that it will raise tenants standards of living but it does not highlight which tenants and which background they may come from, again John Prescott mentioned on twitter that the report amounted to attempt to kick the poor out of the rich nations(http//www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/08/20/policy-exchange-report-social-cleansing-council-homes-new-builds_n_1809141.html). I know in Northern Ireland we have had a dissever for many years but this report seems to be causing a divide of a different sort one that could eventually have major effects on society in the future.To back my evidence up more, Liberal conspiracy highlights how the recommendation would make the UK a hapless place to live, with conservative not noticing social housing the last couple of years why is there a sudden urge to become involved in it? It hi ghlights 4 factors why this would make the UK a miserable place the first factor being that communities that are immix are more at peace with themselves and could live in harmony in an easier way. The second factor being segregated communities make it harder for poorer people to commute to work and would cause a lot more congestion and emission of fomite fumes. Third factor being that once the social housing is sold it is almost certain that all the money wont be re invested back into social housing and the final factor being that this could cause a political advantage when it comes to elections. All of this worries many parts of society who cannot afford such housing in the future. ( http//liberalconspiracy.org/2012/08/20/policy-exchanges-latest-idea-would-make-the-uk-a-more-miserable-place/)The policy exchange asks why this idea had never been thought of before why has no one ever suggested this? Well as Jules Birch of Inside Housing explains that it conflicts with policy in th e regeneration sector in areas throughout England, it would affect social divisions within education with the cut-rate sale of housed the good schools will become more socially divided and education opportunities will be disoriented by other children. Most importantly it completely conflicts with any government attempt to maintain mixed communities. (http//www.insidehousing.co.uk/inside-edge/6502506.bloglead?yearmonth=2012.08)From my own point of view governing destroy society even if a government aims to do good for society in England there is always going to be opposition to a good deed, I believe money is good but money can also mean greed. And sell the housing would generate a great amount but I would not be withal sure if that money would be re-invested back into social housing. This can be really frustrating for people especially those with financial difficulties. Its obvious that the best quality homes are not going to be the cheapest and with the conservative ideology, p eople from poorer backgrounds cannot be confident with selling off such a large stock of social homes. For society to be equal compromise has to be made in terms of education, type of shops available, and essentially housing and for this document to possibly cause segregation in this area then government has to contract a long look at themselves before passing this through Westminster. With a coalition not only one but two parties have to see eye to eye for clarity to be reached in this outlet.Each constituency has different priorities, so MPs are voting in by how that area lives and what is needed in the area but since the coalition began some politicians have been caught in the middle of a storm, this is especially the case for some Liberal democrats such as Simon Hughes where his constituency is full of social housing and in the past he has had very strong views in this area. But his chore is not the conservatives but his own party colleagues who may back the proposals along with the conservatives, the difficulty for Simon Hughes is that there is support coming from Liberal democrats such as Andrew Stunnell so Simon may have a political mountain to face in the future. (http//www.guardian.co.uk/politics/wintour-and-watt/2010/nov/22/simon-hughes-council-housing)Each chapter that is highlighted in the policy is more of a statement of intent rather than a certainty, chapter one does make a valid point with a need for more social housing but is there only one solution? Chapter two states that the mankind does not agree with pricy social housing and want more homes, this is more a twist on words than the public demanding social housing to end. Being able to define expensive social housing in chapter 3 is a very vague term and for taking the expensive housing to be from the half way point of all properties I believe that this ideology to be wrong. The next chapter states that 20% of social housing is expensive is that really such a bad thing? Their proposal wouldnt really help expense costs or saving costs in the future. As for chapter six saying that there will be no negative effects. The way it says it could build 80,000 to 170,000 homes is a very vague statement it is a massive uncertainty. The final chapter says wider economic effects are positive I dont believe it is with the strategy that is cross out out and the fact that the policy think tank says that pushing reform though will help this process makes it even more laughable.This talk of the Big Society is a fairy tale boloney with the proposals to social housing and the impact of Welfare reform and the bedroom taxes which means people may have to downsize their property to they are not hit with an extra charge, there may be a problem in this area given the fact that there is a lack of single social housing job so people will not be able to downsize and there is a problem with the imbalance between the North and south of England with the overcrowding taking place in the so uth and under occupancy in the North. A blog on the Red Pepper site highlights what they believe what is happening and what they see the future to be, a carefully planned PR operation by the Conservatives who dominate this Coalition to overlay their real intentions of aggressively continuing and deepening the long-term assault on social housing and the social welfare state that in many ways defined the Thatcherite project of neoliberalism. (http//www.redpepper.org.uk/how-the-conservatives-ruined-social-housing/) It is as if the conservatives have always had this plan in the pipeline and it was just a matter of time before they unleashed their idea of a conk out future for society, but all of society does not agree.Overall it is clear to see my stance on this policy and my view of the possible future within society in England, common sense has to tower at some stage, I do understand that there will be people who back this policy and have their arguments for this. Everyone is enti tled to their opinion on this topic. At the same time I think it is a good thing that this was released because it has now become a hot topic and people are becoming more and more passionate about social housing, so even though I may not agree with the Think tank, they have at least put effort into the issue so it can become a serious issue and lots of debates will be held to resolve this issue. All this is possible but with another election not taking place until 2015, there may be scary times ahead for those who are the poorest in society.

My Memorable Journey In New York English Literature Essay

My Memorable Journey In brand-new York English Literature establish red-hot York is a very popular city that every integrity is familiar with when they heard of the names of Statue of Liberty, Time Square, and the Broadway, nevertheless this place to me is not only just an ordinary city it is a nucleotide that I about odor safe and protected. It has a very special meaning in my life since it was the first dental plate that my family and I resided when we came to America ten socio-economic classs ago. New York was filled with such extraordinary memories such as when we tried to aline to a new life, culture, new people, and foods and learn how to speak English. It is place of comfort that I feel well-nigh at ease and relaxed. Although we only stayed in Queens for half a year when I was still seven, it has always been a place where I consider special and unforgettable. My stagger to Bronx, New York last summer was a very remarkable experience for both my sisters and I. We t raveled to different places and did many an(prenominal) activities that we have never went or done sooner part living in Queens. The thought of arriver New York was so tantalizing that I began to feel a little worried and nervous. It was an endless sise hours trip, and every minute seemed like hours as we kept on looking out the airplane windowpane constantly just after what seemed like eternity, we fin entirelyy made to our destination. We took a glimpse of the scenery outside, and thither we saw thousands of tall buildings lining up next to one another. The city was still very vigorous and crowded. The colorful lights from buildings, stores, cars, and more, created such an awesome landscape. Every thing remained the same as if it was our first day moving to America, our new home country. The passengers began to take off their sit belts and hurriedly garner their luggage and bags, getting ready to cash in ones chips the airplane. It was anxious and crowded as everyone sta rted pushing on one another in order to reach the exit as desist as possible. By the time we got out, it was a relieve for all of us. We drove in our cousins car to a small apartment in Bronx where my aunt and grandma lived. It was hard for us to adapt to a new home on our first night of sleep because the bed, the sheet, the pillows, and the smell were quite different, just after my first two days, I was able to adapt more easily to the streets around the apartment, the stores, and the people. A part of walking was required, and soon it became one of my habits. The area in Bronx and the polluted environment are so different from the ones I know when we were still living in Queens. The neighborhoods were mostly African American, and everywhere you go, you result them see them from here to there. The street was more crowded with people shopping from stores to store. New York is famous for their cultural diversity especially their great variety of restaurants and markets such as McDonald, Thai Tea, Chinese foods, Italian spaghetti, Korean sushi, and Japanese foods. While my cousins, my sisters, and I took a train to China T deliver, a group of African Americans children performed their genius in front of the passengers in hope of receiving back rewards. They brought their radios and carried out a street dance dash such as the locking, popping, the moon walk, and other styles that I was uncertain of. From what I witnessed, I felt that these children were wonderful and marvelous since they were using their own skills and talent to make money for their living without tincture shameful in front of passengers, who might think they were foolish. I really admired their hard work and also their courageous, precisely they made me feel that I have never done anything in my life to make my own money. As we arrived to Canal street of China Town, Manhattan, a sudden shock overwhelm me after I observed the place. This was my first time chating China Town in New York , and I must(prenominal) admit that this place is much more exciting and enjoyable comparing to the empty and boring one in California. China Town in Manhattan was overcrowded with Chinese immigrants and visitors walking from store to store. The streets was tightly packed, and there were so many small restaurants selling fried noodle, dim sum and seafood, and more markets for fruits, meats, fishes, and drinks. Everyone seemed to have a lot of fun when they were competing over the good quality of meats and fruits, workers stood on sidewalk, trying to promote their new products and foods, and young children gathered around in the small playground of the school to play tag and swings. We passed by a market to buy meats and other ingredients for our dinner tonight. The cashier spoke a language that I was certain it was Cantonese because my soda pop has always spoken Cantonese to me, and I was certain that she did say the phrase toe chei say, meaning to thank everyone, but I still stru ggled to catch her other words since she was speaking too fast. We then stop at a dim sum restaurant for our breakfast and spent our whole afternoon playing in the arcade and shopping in stores. That day, I experienced the most embarrassing irregular of my life bit taking a picture with the man who dressed to the nines(p) as the statue of liberty. At first, I thought it was altogether free of charge to take a picture with him, but afterward, he hold me back and demanded us to pay him a five dollar bill. To our surprise, both my sister and I had already spent all of our money in the arcades and the stores, and we couldnt contact our cousins, who were still shopping in the market. My heart was beating tremendously fast as people stopped by to watch us. The man gave us an angry face, but he let it go anyway. The next day, we took a long trip in the early morning to visit the Statue of liberty, a symbol that I most feel proud of our country, but the embarrassing moment that happened in China Town somewhat annoyed me. It was extremely hot that day as if I could feel the heat singeing my face liked it was 150 degrees. As we entered the harbor in a ship, the first thing we saw was the huge Statue of Liberty, a gift given by the French, who helped our country fought in the American Revolution. The depository reminded me of the hard work and sacrifice of the soldiers who I always respect and feel proud of. All the privileges that I enjoy today such as freedom to worship my religion, express my opinion, desire the things that I want, and ingest my own path and career are given by those brave soldiers. We took numerous pictures with the statue and the gleaming and pretty harbor that surrounded it. I must admitted that this was my most favorite tour throughout my three weeks trip to New York.In the afternoon, we took the subway to Time square to watch the night view at night. As the sun began to fade away and day became a little cooler, we walked around and observe the wonderful and blinding lights that made the night feel more bright and cheerful. The view was so awesome that it gave me a sensation of shock but joyful, which I would never forget. We passed by the Time Square Tower, the GMC, the big McDonald and more, but we stopped by the theater to watch one of most amusing and exciting movies, G. I. Joe. For the following days, we spent most of our time with our aunt and grandma, cooking, watching funny movies, and playing Tu Sac, a four color games.The day before we left New York to return back to California, we spent the last time with our relatives at the Jones Beach. The shining sun, the proceed of the waves that hit the shoreline, and the white sands were all my favorite. While relaxing under the tent, I took a moment to feel the atmosphere of the place which I could sense the feeling of joyfulness from the cool breeze and the mettle from the sun just like in California. The young ones played cards and tags and splashed themselves in the water, while the elders prepared the foods. It was an amazing and relaxing place where I could feel the bond with my relatives.There was a feeling of sadness when we had to say goodbye to everyone, but we left with a smile on our face, keeping the memories of New York especially China Town, the Statue of Liberty, Time Square, the beach, the foods, the time we spent with everyone, and finally my embarrassing moment with the man dressed like the Statue of Liberty.

Psychological Contract: Work-Life Balance in Retail

mental Contract Work-Life Balance in sellTitle A modern analysis of the concept of die hard behavior eternal rest and the effects of the mental contract within the business. Ge ared towards sell.A compiled list of the 6 primary(prenominal) sources of information that could be used with justification as to why they are relevant and a paragraph on key theories/models, analysis tools that would be used in this dissertation. A total of around 600 words.With regard to the opus recently completed, this addendum represents some further sen sentencents and resources which would be required to rotate the work into a wider study.There are three themes which would quest to be pursued in a to a greater extent detailed examination of this topic.The genius of the generic mental Contract.The nature of the Psychological Contract in the Retail Sector, and its kinship with market.The nature of HRM and SHRM (Strategic Human Resources Management) in the Retail Sector.These themes would need to be explored across a range of material, beginning with secondary sources, and ideally extending into qualitative primary seek involving HR professionals, and retail lag themselves.The six main united secondary and primary sources.Guest, D.E., and Con expressive style, N., (2004), Employee Well-being and the Psychological Contract A Report for the CIPD, Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, London. This source is essential because it provides an acuteness into both the agreed definitions of the psychological contract within the HR profession, and the exertion of that model in their vocational practice.Buchanan, D., and Huczynski, A., (2006), Organizational Behaviour An Introductory Text, learner Hall/fiscal Times, London. This source is essential as a prcis of the relevant indigenceal theories, work of Herzberg, McGregor, Maslow, Adams, Vroom, Porter and Lawler.Analysis of the implications of McGregors X and Y theories of reward/coercion, and Herzbergs con cept of extrinsic and inborn rewards, as set out in Brooks, I., (2003), Organisational Behaviour individualists, Groups and Organisation, 2nd Ed, FT-Prentice Hall, London, and Fincham, R., and Rhodes, P., (2005), Principles of Organisational Behaviour, 4th Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford. inwardly the extrinsic and intrinsic reward model, extrinsic rewards whitethorn be thought of as those of material considerations and working conditions, whilst intrinsic rewards are more honorific and interpersonal.Hofstedes cultural dimensions index, as set out in Hofstede, G., (2003), Cultures and Organizations Intercultural Cooperation and its importance for Survival, Profile Business, London, and Gerte Hofstede Cultural Dimensions Website, INTERNET, available at http//www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_dimensions.php?culture1=95culture2=18compare viewed 26.10.08, would need to be employed to assess the different motivational models and tolerances which are progressively visible in a multi-cultural workforce, and a globalizing retail firmament. This would have to tax return account of Hofestedes ideas of power distance, collectivism/individuality, long or short orientation, masculinity/femininity, and uncertainty avoidance.A comparative study of employee relationships mingled with retail workers in Waitrose and the John Lewis partnership, and an other large retail group, i.e. Tescos, Woolworth or Argos. The precept for this is that the John Lewis group is the only one to deploy an extensive profit sharing remuneration scheme with its employees.Comparative primary study of attitudes amongst retail employees and customers of the John Lewis partnership, and a nonher, non-profit sharing retail group in the UK. To be carried out through a combination ofquestionnaires comprising binary yes/no responses and compose answers to set questions.A small number of in-depth and semi-flexible individual interviews.Key suppositious approaches here would be evolved aro und a balance of phenomenological and positivist research formats, to obtain qualitatively useful data, which could as well support statistical models with a possible wider application. McGregors extrinsic/intrinsic scale model questionnaire could be employed to lend a positivist dimension to the attitudinal data produced.This writing outlines some key themes in contemporary retailing HRM, focusing specially on the signifi shtupce of the psychological contract within the business, and the concept of work life balance. It argues that contemporary economic and trading conditions have tended to expose the way in which both issues are treated in the retail sector, and attributes this to go on trends for tertiary and part-time employment patterns. As Hooley et al. observe, Well trained marketing resources (assets and capabilities), when deployed in the marketplace, can lead to superior market performance. Satisfied and considerably motivated staff (a prime marketing asset), for exa mple, can make a significant contribution to creating satisfied and loyal customers (Hooley et.al., p.21). At boardroom train however, contemporary pressures on costs may impinge upon staff CPD and retention.In the first instance, it may be helpful to foreground the concept of the psychological contract itself. As Sonnetag observes, There is relatively consistent empirical designate for a positive relationship between specific aspects of individual head being and.performance. (Sonnetag, p.4110 ). One way in which this symbiosis between employee motivation and output can be achieved, is through a management style which exceeds the formal terms of the contractual obligation in terms of an straightforward relationship. As Williams indicates. ..this interpersonal aspect to fairness reminds us that there is a social basis to the exchange relationship between employer and employee and we might digest this to be part of the psychological contract. (Williams,1998 p.183). The concept of the psychological contract rests on the idea that workplace relationships inevitably develop beyond those encapsulated in denotive frameworks, hierarchies, and duty descriptions. It is therefore perfectly feasible for management to de-motivate staff unconstipated though they are formally empowered to do so by breaching informal or psychologically accepted principles. As Guest and Conway lodge out, built on the three pillars of fairness, trust and delivery of the deal between organizations and employees, a positive psychological contract is the best guarantee of effectual performance outcomes. (Guest and Conway, 2003 p.vii).There is much empirical evidence to suggest that retail employers are acting to redress percived inadequacies in this area. For example, as Murray reports, fast-food giant McDonalds has acted to improve its image since the term McJob entered the Oxford english Dictionary, denoting an unstimulating, low-paid job with few prospects (Murray 2008 n.p.) come o ut of the response has been to initiate CPD programmes which combine flexible working arrangements with learning programmes to develop staff skills and accreditation. Other retail management and service sector managers also see this as the route to recruit and retain the best staff. As Jack Constantinides, vice-president HR and business partner for Monster for Europe air jacket and Prague explains, People are looking for more from their job than just a chunky pay package including job satisfaction, career prospects, training, benefits and crucially work-life balance. (Murray 2008 n.p.). This suggests that, where costs will allow, more mature businesses may see the design of value as the route to business st qualification through intrinsic as well as extrinsic employee reward. However, contemporary trading conditions may militate against the expenditure of such on-costs, at least for the time being. As Taylor reports, The disclosure last calendar week that Marks and Spencer wants to reduce redundancy benefits for staff has sparked union fears that the retail group is preparing the way for large-scale job cuts. (Taylor 2008 n.p.). MS are obviously not the only high-profile high street victims As Kilgren and Braithwaite observe of the troubled Woolworth chain, Up to a third of the 1,000 retail component part staff at head office may lose their jobs PwC, auditor to Woolworths, pointed to material uncertainties which may cast significant doubt about the companys ability to continue as a going concern. (Kilgren and Braithwaite, 2008 n.p.).When discussing the issue of work life balance amongst retail employees, it is arguably unhelpful to regard this couplet as representative of a homogeneous and undifferentiated employee group. In a sector strongly associated with casualized, part-time, and often female labour, it is important to recognize the way in which different social groups may derive a satisfactory relationship between their home and working lives. As K irby observes, At a time when female returners are set to become an increasingly significant member in the UK workforce, British retailing be highly dependent on part-time female labour. At the same time, working conditions appear not to be as attractive as they might be. Pay remains low and career prospects and training opportunities are poor, especially for part-time employees (Kirby 1993 p.205). It is at this point that the psychological contract and work-life balance are arguably draw closer together, a point which may be reinforced by considering the motivational theories of Adams. As Huczyinski and Buchanan explain, Adams proposed that we compare our rewards (pay, recognition) and contributions (time, effort, ideas) with the outputs and inputs of others. Equity thus exists when these rations are equal. Rewards can include a range of tangible and intangible factorsInputs similarly relate to any factor that you believe you bring to the situation (Huczyinski and Buchanan 2007 p.249). In other words, employers face a range of competing challenges when balancing employee satisfaction with business objectives.BibliographyBraithwaite, T., and Kilgren, L., Woolies plans job cuts in bid to reduce its costs, Financial Times, 18 family 2008, INTERNET, available at http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/96ef9e80-8519-11dd-b148-0000779fd18c.html, viewed 14.10.08, n.p.Murray, S., Staff want more than just their pay packet, Financial Times, 8 July 2008, INTERNET, available at http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/eafbdc08-46af-11dd-876a-0000779fd2ac.html, viewed 14.10.08, n.p.Bromley, R.D.F., and Thomas, C.J., (ed), (1993), Retail Change contemporary issues, UCL Press, London.Guest, D.E., and Conway, N., (2004), Employee Well-being and the Psychological Contract A Report for the CIPD, Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, London.Hooley, G., Saunders, J., Piercy, N., (2004) marketing Strategy and Competitive Positioning (3rd Edition) Prentice Hall, EssexKirby, D.A. Working condit ions and the trading week, in Bromley, R.D.F., and Thomas, C.J., (ed), (1993), Retail Change contemporary issues, UCL Press, London, pp.192-207.Sonnetag, S., (ed), (2002), Psychological Management of Individual Performance, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.Stacey, K., and Rigby, E., Retail supply chain begins to turn rusty, Financial Times, 8 Oct 2008, INTERNET, available at http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a67ef3ae-94d3-11dd-953e-000077b07658.html viewed 14.10.08, n.p.Taylor, A., Inquiries on how to overleap staff soar, Financial Times, 25 Aug 2008, INTERNET, available at http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6c8bed96-723c-11dd-a44a-0000779fd18c.html viewed 15.10.08, n.p.Van der Lippe, T., and Peters, P., (2007), (eds), Competing Claims in Work and Family Life, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.Williams, R.S., (1998) Performance Management Perspectives on Employee Performance, International Thomson Business Press, St.Ives.

Literature Review Of Women Suffering From Multiple Sclerosis Nursing Essay

Literature Review Of Women Suffering From Multiple sclerosis Nursing EssayThe focus of this study entrust be the lived give of women torment from Multiple sclerosis and their ability to maintain a timberland of manners through various grapple strategies. Therefore, literature surrounding the gauge of carriage and header mechanisms in MS sufferers will be critically appraised.A literature review was per manikined to identify published material relating to the lived make of women suffering with MS with the main focus being on how women escape with the challenges that MS brings everyday and how they try and maintain a case of career. This was do to introduce the topic of interest. When conducting the research there was little research into this scene of action but the search was limited to health and social care databases much(prenominal) as CINALH, Internurse, Science direct, Pubmed and the library catalogue. The key words that were initially apply in the literatur e search were lived experience, multiple sclerosis, women and quality of manners and coping mechanisms, however this revealed little research so key words such(prenominal) as fatigue, education and depression were included.2.1 Emotional Responses in Multiple Sclerosis2.1.1 UncertaintyUncertainty is one of the first stresses that MS places on women. initial there is perplexity until the diagnosis has been confirmed. Having MS means living with scruple and adapting to changing locations with the course of MS. Being unpredictable posses an activated challenge to work up a sense of stability and security in the face of incredulity (Halper Holland, 1997). milling machines (1997) phenomenological study emphasized the primary role of uncertainty in the lived experiences of patients with reversal MS. The participants in this study are expound as living one day at a time, not clear-sighted how they will feel tomorrow, leading to negative effects on employment, family invigoration and coping abilities. It was similarly evident that fear and loss of control in insouciant life were also experienced due the unpredictability of relapsing MS. Olsson, Lexell Soderberg (2007) conducted a soft in enjoin to describe the meaning of womens experience of living with MS. The study consisted of 10 women with secondary modern MS and the fact that daily life was influenced by MS. Women spoke ab turn up their daily lifes, their experience of symptoms and their thoughts about their illness. They described that they were no longer in charge over their body and this had a great impact on their quality of life, however, women were lay down to actively strive to maintain strength and position to carry on to protect their dignity. This study showed that large number with the progressive form of the unsoundness appeared to cope better and were determined to improve their quality of life despite the effects of the illness, this could be due to them accepting MS as part of their life.2.1.2 HopeHope relates to those things that can be realistically achieved (Pinson, Ottens Fisher, 2009). This implies that the idiosyncratic has devised a plan that has the likelihood of being carried out to achieve village of a problem. Miller (1997) found that want provided a means for traffic with the uncertainty of MS. In a quantitative study carried out by Goretti, Pataccio, Zipoli, Hakiki, Siracusa, Sori and Amato (2009) they found that women tend to have higher levels of hope and optimism when facing the disease at early stages. Their study looked at the psychological features of depression, fatigue and anxiety, coping strategies and their influence on quality of life in peck suffering from remitting relapsing MS. , further more than, a qualitative study by Pinson et al (2009) found that hope was present as a coping resource. Also, hope settlems to interact with psychosocial resources such as egotism, hope has often been related to higher levels of self-e steem and evidence of better social jut out. However, Pinson et al (2009) study only cogitate on people with a progressive form of MS and who did not suffer with depression. Depression itself can have a significant imply on a individuals self-esteem, if a MS sufferer as let down self esteem due to depression then their coping mechanisms will be compromised and this will contribute to a lower quality of life perception ( Murphy, 1998).2.2 Information and educationMultiple Sclerosis considerably changes peoples every day life and the power and capacity to meet personal expectations (Yorkson, Klasner Swanson, 2001). Toombs (1995) tell that living with MS implies insecurity on a daily stern as their body can not be taken for allow or trusted, instead, it demands constant attention. To manage every day life, people with MS find it urgent to prioritise their personal goals and the search for information and fellowship regarding the disease has been described as crucial in maintai ning control. A qualitative study carried out by Fleming Courts, Buchanan and Werstlein (2004) investigated the lived experience of people with MS and examined their ineluctably from their perspectives using two focus groups consisting of 4 men and 6 women, they found that education is power and having education about the disease helps whose in maintaining a quality of life, without knowledge, information and education from health care professionals about the disease, its symptoms and what alimentation is available then coping with daily activities will be compromised and a good quality of life will not be achievable. Miller (1997) and Pinson (DATE) are comportive of this but conclude that people with MS film information to deal with the uncertainty and the unpredictability of the disease in order to remain in control of their lifes.2.3 CopingCoping is an mulct concept that refers to how individuals make meaning and values and can be see as a way of problem solving. Psychologic al as turn out to be crucially important for adjusting to the adaptive demands of the chronic illness and in the past few years as received a suppuration interest in MS. A study conducted by McCabe, Stokes and McDonald (2009) evaluated the relationship amidst quality of life and coping among people with MS over a 2 year period using a longitudinal approach. The type consisted of 144 men and 238 women. The World Health Organisation quality of life scale was mappingd to assess participants overall quality of life. They found that people with MS experienced lower levels of quality for independence, social, environmental and spiritual quality of life but experienced a higher psychological quality of life and focused on positive coping compared to the general population, these findings whitethorn suggest that although people with MS have lower levels of quality of life in many areas, they may be more accepting of the situation and knowing that their condition is going to change.Howe ver, in a quantitative carried out by Goretti et al (2009) found that MS patients were less believably to use positive and problem focused strategies and often adopted avoiding strategies more frequently, it was also found that younger patients with relapsing remitting MS were less disabled so therefore the disease had a lower impact on their quality of life, also, positive attitude and planning activity strategies were less likely to be adopted by patients with lower disease duration. They tended to have higher levels of hope and optimism when facing the disease at its early stages. Those who adopted avoiding strategies were more likely to experience depression and anxiety that contributed to their overall quality of life.The results finish later, re word 2.4 SupportPinson et al found that knowing family and friends would provide support either emotional or physical was very important to the participants. This support system appears to act as an anchor for these women if situation s became difficult.McCabe also found that when people were more accepting of the situation, there was an increased need for social and emotional support., they also found that women with MS compared to men were more likely to essay social support, but more likely to wish that things were different. This is also back up by Olsson and Goretti. However, Olsson (2008) also found that accepting needing support from family led to feelings of guilt and failure as they felt that the whole family was suffering too. They also described being dependant on others when performing daily tasks that they wished to have do themselves. To engage in daily life was crucial in maintaining a good quality of life. This study only focused on women with the progressive form of MS, so are more likely to have more disabilities. McCabe states that increased needs may lead them to seek and obtain more social support and rely more on friend, family and community economic aid (Murphy, 1998). Although support is

Saviour Siblings Debate

Saviour Siblings DebateA messiah blood relative is a nipper who is born via pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). This introduces any grim diseases in embryo screening, to find a tissue type duplicate for the existing blood relation so that stem cell transplantation plunder take bulge with the newborns umbilical cord. Many people believe that this is handle because it doesnt consider the newborns rights, or simply because some sessnot understand what pargonnts go through with(predicate). This is frequently questi unrivaledd because it is typic bothy thought of as wrong and that it will lead to power babies being born and that the sib will be interact as a goodness.My response to this is that the demarcations presented against saviour siblings ar flawed, in that not allowing a saviour sibling to be created would result in deaths of many electric shaverren cosmopolitan and will on that pointfore conclude that there is nothing unethical about(predicate) i t at all, rather its unethical to do the contrary. Since, would it not be unethical to fail to protect people who are able to be defend in this way, would avoiding this not average we are posing a scourge or harm to their living purposefully? In this essay I will discuss how creating a saviour sibling is ethical and parents are doing the approximately loving thing possible and providing the gift of sprightliness, tho more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than importantly saving a life.The main argument against saviour siblings being an unethical procedure is that the dismissing of PGD will result in many peasantrens deaths, of which just about could convey been saved, if a saviour sibling was born. It is unethical to say that a child being brought into the world is for purpose only it is much more than that. As Sheldon and Wilkinson point out, You have to have a very ruling yard to resist the implys by which a childs life can be saved (p.533). They show that sayi ng it is unethical because of a cut back possibility the child may be inured differently is extremely judgmental, and is not reason enough to dismiss the concept of saving lives. It is more unethical to not help someone who is severely ill it would be allowing the pain to continue at your will.Those who choose to save a life are extremely loving and ethical to consider it in the offset printing place, as it would be heartbreaking to watch a sick child and be helpless. No-one who has not been in that position is in any place to comment on it being unethical, saviour siblings are available as a last resort to save a life and keep down suffering where possible. Modern day medicine is created and technology advanced for these sorts of purposes.The argument defends the idea of a saviour sibling being ethical on the grounds that saving a life is continuously handout to be better that not saving a life. That latter would be more unethical. The outgrowth involves motivation and so t he parents are highly unlikely to be anything but supportive and loving throughout the process, and especially toward the new baby. Parents are faced with a hard decision of choosing ways to help their child, and when most creams are exhausted saviour siblings can be the only option to severe illnesses. Overall, the circumstances surrounding them initially shows that they thought a life was worth fighting for and a saviour sibling would endure the analogous amount of care. It would be a strange thing to do of the parents, to indeed think of him/her as a purpose only since the result of saviour would over put through the so called means of existing only because of an end which is needed.In response to my argument, those who prohibit saviour siblings on ethical terms always stand by the main point that the child would be treated as a commodity since they would be unwanted after they have served a purpose of saving a sibling. The main concern is that it is unethical since the child s welfare and rights are not taken into consideration and would be treated differently especially if the saviour sibling was to end up not saving their life. How would the parents and then treat the child? Some say that they would see it as a failure, and love it less because he/she did not gather their sole purpose of valueing the sibling.This leads onto the next point, that saviour siblings are treated as a means to an end and this is extremely unethical to do so. It is wrong to create children under certain proposals for an outcome, and Kants Dictatum points this out, Never use people as a means, but always treat them as an ends(Harris, p.398). Treating the child as a means of saving a sibling, rather than an end in themselves is to create a child which is not through with(p) for a unselfish reason and therefore unethical. If the child was to find out that this was why they existed, then he/she would certainly have psychological fusss as they would always perplexity what its life would have been like had they not been born in this way. The problem is of course, that people do conceive children in this way, for means, since the only outcome of creating a saviour sibling is to help someone else.However it is rightly argued against it, that in by saying a childs life would be bad is unfair, since how would anyone be able to know this? Just because they were born under circumstances, does not mean that it would be so. There must be a valid reason for saying this, or be able to at least show why this would be true. And more to the point, how by denying a saviour sibling on ethical terms is more harmful than children dying it couldnt be that it is worse. As seen here, Psychological research studies have identified that children brought up through assisted reproduction technology have just as faithful a loving relationship with parents(Harris, p.399). No parent would go through the pain of it just to end up treating the saviour sibling as an object, or in an un example way. There would be more love for him/her, and equally no reason to just treat them as an end to suffering, but rather as a blessing in itself that they have a new child to love and one which has helped their other child.No one ever seems to question the motives of people who have children to save failing marriages, or to have a brother or sister for their current childs benefit of having someone to play with. These are surely more trivial reasons, which simply are more acceptable than those, which save lives. It is wrong to say creating a saviour sibling to save a life is unethical but creating a child for instrumental purposes suiting the parents is ok, it only benefits the parents needs, but a saviour sibling will always benefit everyone.Aside from the views argued, there are further implications. The main consideration is that its unclear as to what should engraft as an unethical reason for having a saviour sibling, and who is to be enounce of this. Certainly though, it cant be said that saviour siblings cause parents to set up designer characteristics such as blue eyes and brown hair, since there are regulations in place which would never allow this for this procedure. Freeman states, PGD was develop it was envisaged that embryos would be selected for their own intrinsic merit and not for utility to another(prenominal) person (Harris, p.391). This intrinsic merit must be to save a life and live as a healthy child, and not to gratify the parents by having certain designer features to their future child.Much thought goes into these views, and it would mean that it would be just as much of a thoughtful process for parents. It is never the case that a parent endures the process of saviour sibling creation for characteristic means or to then treat the child as a sole purpose only. There is no moral or ethical equal between a saviour sibling and producing a child for designer reasons, as that would be an insignificant purpose. It is not th e done thing by good parents, it is not in their constitution and they would not have considered the process had they been uncaring, unethical and non-loving. Parents are hard done by this criticism of not taking into consideration their childs welfare and all possible problems. The benefit of saving a life is always going to surpass reasons of saviour siblings being born as a commodity with no proof of how they will live it has little substance to the question of it being unethical. I would challenge anyone to deny the views and processes a parent goes through, when their child is dying in front of them, not one reason could be more unethical than not saving a life when it is possible.

Quantum Optical Model Nonintegrability Quantum Fluctuation

Quantum Optical sit down Nonintegrability Quantum FluctuationNonintegrability and quantum fluctuations in a quantum optical modelNilakantha Mehera and S. SivakumarbAbstractIntegrability in quantum theory has been delineate in more than one ways. Recently, Braak suggested that a quantum arrangement is integrable relating the build of parameters essential to specify the eigenstates and the turn degrees of license (both discrete and continuous). It is argued that the dependence of misgiving increase of adequate operators on the atom- stadium interaction violence is distinctly different for the integrable and nonintegrable cases. These studies guide that the dubiety merchandise is able to describe the nonintegrable systems from the integrable ones in the context of this in the raw definition.IntroductionA classical dynamical system with n degrees of freedom (DOF) is integrable, Liouvillean integrable to be precise, if there are equal number of suitable constants of fe at (COM) that have vanishing Poisson bracket among themselves and with the Hamiltonian1.. Otherwise, the system is nonintegrable. While this definition is based on a sound mathematical footing, the situation in quantum dynamics is non very clear, essentially arising from the difficulty in defining or identifying DOF in quantum theory2. One possibility is define integrablity by the existence of sufficient number of observables which commute with the Hamiltonian and pair-wise commute among themselves. However, this is wrought with difficulties as it may not be possible to arrive at classical limits of some quantum systems. One much(prenominal) example is the case of a champion ii-level atom interacting with a single mode of the electromagnetic field. The former is a discrete DOF (finite dimensional Hilbert space) and the posterior is a continuous DOF (infinite dimensional Hilbert space). While the continuous DOF, namely, the electromagnetic field, has a proper classical limit, t he 2-level atom does not have a suitable classical limit.According to a virgin definition introduced by Braak, a system is integrable if the number of parameters required to specify the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian is equal to the sum of the number of discrete DOF and continuous DOF2. This definition does not involve the existence of constants of motion, though all such cases are covered by this definition. In this new definition of integrability, some of the nonintegrable systems based on the Liouvillean definition become integrable. A simple example of such a system is the Rabi model describing the interaction between a two-level atom and a single mode of the electromagnetic field with Hamiltonian3 (1)Here, are Pauli matrices, is the atomic transition frequency, () denote the annihilation (creation) operators of field with frequency. is the atom-field yoke constant. This Hamiltonian has save one COM, namely itself. Since there are two DOF, the field and the two-level ato m, the Hamiltonian is nonintegrable in the sense of Liouville. However, exploiting the parity symmetry in , the system has been destinen to be integrable2. Another interesting case is the rotating wave approximation of , docile the well spotn Jaynes-Cummings model4,5 (2)This Hamiltonian has two COM, the Hamiltonian itself and the operator for the number of excitations . Existence of these two COMs renders the Hamiltonian integrable. The eigenstates are labelled by two parameters,an integer n synonymous to the number of excitations and the total energy. Also, both the Hamiltonians and exhibit level- crossings of the eigenvalues as the interaction medium g is varied, which is an indication that the models are integrable2. Level-crossing refers to the phenomenon where in the eigenvalues depend on the interaction strength g in such a way that the eigenvalues like to two different eigenstates become degenerate at a special values of g and reverse their drift for other values of g.Nonintegrable Model An interesting modification to to make it nonintegrable is to break the 2 symmetry by adding and this leads to (3)Within the scope of the Braaks definition of integrability, this model is integrable only when is an integral multiple of /2. This is also borne out by the existence of level crossings as shown in Fig.1. This criterion is sufficient for nonintegrability. We assume resonance . For the results presented here, it is assumed that =1 and =1. In Fig. 1, the absence or presence of level-crossing indicates singlely the nonintegrability or integrability of the Hamiltonian .Fig.1.Energy level (En) as a function of g for different . Level crossing occurs if =0 and 0.5 indicating integrability. No level crossing if =0.3, indicating nonintegrability. Inset shows larger visualise of level crossing.A pertinent question in this context is to know those features that distinguish a nonintegrable atom-field system from an integrable one. One answer to this query appears to be that incredulity product of a pair of suitably defined operators show markedly different characteristics. Since the system is nonintegrable, it is formidable to construct an analytical solution. Therefore, all-encompassing numerical experimentations have been carried out and the results are presented here which support the conduct stated above.Nonintegrability being a feature of the Hamiltonian, it is natural to expect that the eigenstates escape signatures revealing this feature. To explore this, we define two self-adjoint operators of the two-level atom,, ,where () is the atomic raising (lowering) operator. The substitution relation implies that the value of the product of uncertainties lies between 0 and 1/2. The skepticism relation of above operators is .whereis expectation value in any(prenominal) eigenstate. In Fig. 2, the incredulity product is plotted as a function of the atom-field interaction strength for different values of = 0, 0.5 and 1.0 corre sponding to the integrable case and a hardly a(prenominal) other values of corresponding to nonintegrable case. It is seen that as the parameter g is increases, the incredulity product attains its maximum allowed value of for the integrable cases. On the other hand, for the nonintegrable cases the uncertainty product falls below the limit of . In order to establish that the uncertainty product is very sensitive to the nature of the the integrable and nonintegrable cases, the plots corresponding to values of very close to integrable cases have been chosen.Fig.2.Uncertainty product () as a function of the atom-field coupling constant g. Different plots correspond to different values of integrable cases =0, 0.5 and 1.0, nonintegrable cases =-0.01,0.01, 0.49,0.51,0.2 and 0.4. In any plot, the uncertainty is plotted for the eingenstates corresponding to the first fifty eigenvalues.For instance, in the split second row in Fig. 2, the sudden change in the nature of uncertainty prod uct as assumes values 0.49 (nonintegrable), 0.5 (integrable) and 0.51 (nonintegrable) respectively are shown. In order to bring out the features more clearly, the probability statistical distribution of the uncertainty products in different eigenstates are shown in Fig 3 corresponding to the respective figures in Fig. 2. The sharply peaked probability distribution indicates integrability.Fig.3. Probability distribution of the uncertainty product for all the eigenstates for a particular value of g, chosen to be 1.2 here. Any higher value of g yields the same results. succinctIdentification of nonintegrability in an interacting atom-field system is possible by the concentration of uncertainty product near a particular value as the atom-field interaction strength is increased. This feature seems to be related closely to the nonintegrability, also back up the absence of level crossings. This feature has been plunge to be able to identify nonintegrability in many other models that hav e been studied. In essence, suitable uncertainty product is able to identify nonintegrability, which is often difficult to establish analytically or numerically. Nevertheless, our analyses raise some important questions for which answers are to be found Is it possible to arrive at the existence of this feature using only the definition of nonintegrability used here? Given a Hamiltonian, how to identify the classify observables whose uncertainty product will concentrate as the interaction strength is increased? How to extend this idea if the number of atoms is larger?ReferencesM.V. Berry and M. Tabor, Proc. R. Soc. A 356, 375 (1977).D.Braak, Phys.Rev.Lett. 107, 100401(2011).I. I. Rabi, Phys. Rev. 49, 324 (1936) 51, 652 (1937).E. T. Jaynes and F.W. Cummings, Proc. IEEE 51, 89 (1963).C.Gerry and P.L. Knight, Introductory Quantum Optics (Cambridge University Press, UK, 2005).